{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1525803622","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2015.2447011","title":"Learning Spike Time Codes Through Morphological Learning With Binary Synapses","display_name":"Learning Spike Time Codes Through Morphological Learning With Binary Synapses","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-07-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1525803622","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2015.2447011","mag":"1525803622","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26173221"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2015.2447011","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2015.2447011","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101929858","display_name":"Subhrajit Roy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4307-9062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Subhrajit Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","[School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048555499","display_name":"Phyo Phyo San","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3005327000","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3005327000","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Phyo Phyo San","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore","Inst. for Infocomm Res., Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. for Infocomm Res., Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3005327000"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080149173","display_name":"Shaista Hussain","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2004-2681"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaista Hussain","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","[School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011237753","display_name":"Wang Wei Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9195-3226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lee Wang Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002380437","display_name":"Arindam Basu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1035-8770"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arindam Basu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","[School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101929858"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9729,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87183675,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"7","first_page":"1572","last_page":"1577"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spike","display_name":"Spike (software development)","score":0.7716810703277588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.728110671043396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.604526162147522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5688485503196716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5288953185081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairwise-comparison","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","score":0.5212053060531616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-rule","display_name":"Learning rule","score":0.49175623059272766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.4120883345603943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3269921541213989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.32126450538635254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.20739978551864624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15690192580223083}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781390188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25203449","display_name":"Spike (software development)","level":2,"score":0.7716810703277588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.728110671043396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.604526162147522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5688485503196716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5288953185081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.5212053060531616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779127903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6510194","display_name":"Learning rule","level":3,"score":0.49175623059272766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.4120883345603943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3269921541213989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.32126450538635254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.20739978551864624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15690192580223083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000200","descriptor_name":"Action Potentials","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000200","descriptor_name":"Action Potentials","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000200","descriptor_name":"Action Potentials","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008959","descriptor_name":"Models, Neurological","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013569","descriptor_name":"Synapses","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013569","descriptor_name":"Synapses","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013569","descriptor_name":"Synapses","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2015.2447011","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2015.2447011","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26173221","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26173221","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8564660090","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOE2012-T2-2-054","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321408","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321408","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/01p262204"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334744","display_name":"Institute for Infocomm Research","ror":"https://ror.org/053rfa017"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965273786","https://openalex.org/W1973131789","https://openalex.org/W1989866587","https://openalex.org/W1995839907","https://openalex.org/W1996630663","https://openalex.org/W2001133891","https://openalex.org/W2001218774","https://openalex.org/W2018636471","https://openalex.org/W2028809287","https://openalex.org/W2039375332","https://openalex.org/W2071892578","https://openalex.org/W2101091847","https://openalex.org/W2107662531","https://openalex.org/W2110016065","https://openalex.org/W2115831804","https://openalex.org/W2122872855","https://openalex.org/W2123321612","https://openalex.org/W2145031816","https://openalex.org/W2156763398","https://openalex.org/W2162827630","https://openalex.org/W2163288878","https://openalex.org/W2165639766","https://openalex.org/W2168114164","https://openalex.org/W2323986115","https://openalex.org/W2569813014","https://openalex.org/W3099280452","https://openalex.org/W6678541873"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2487162673","https://openalex.org/W2793211469","https://openalex.org/W2949152769","https://openalex.org/W4372354731","https://openalex.org/W2942366970","https://openalex.org/W2807634898","https://openalex.org/W2145720061","https://openalex.org/W89875602","https://openalex.org/W2754486806","https://openalex.org/W2482313744"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,72,146],"brief,":[2],"a":[3,63,81,107],"neuron":[4],"with":[5,97,110],"nonlinear":[6],"dendrites":[7],"(NNLDs)":[8],"and":[9,34,41,119],"binary":[10,26],"synapses":[11,27,99,112],"that":[12,94,105],"is":[13,23,69,127],"able":[14],"to":[15,45,83,104,148],"learn":[16],"temporal":[17,66],"features":[18],"of":[19,36,51,106,137,144,156],"spike":[20,116,150],"input":[21],"patterns":[22],"considered.":[24],"Since":[25],"are":[28],"considered,":[29],"learning":[30,56,67,78],"happens":[31],"through":[32],"formation":[33],"elimination":[35],"connections":[37],"between":[38],"the":[39,42,47,52,60,76,86,124,135,154],"inputs":[40],"dendritic":[43],"branches":[44],"modify":[46],"structure":[48],"or":[49],"morphology":[50],"NNLD.":[53],"A":[54],"morphological":[55],"algorithm":[57,68],"inspired":[58],"by":[59],"tempotron,":[61,75],"i.e.,":[62],"recently":[64],"proposed":[65,77,125],"presented":[70],"in":[71,113,134],"brief.":[73],"Unlike":[74],"rule":[79,147],"uses":[80],"technique":[82],"automatically":[84],"adapt":[85],"NNLD":[87,96],"threshold":[88],"during":[89],"training.":[90],"Experimental":[91],"results":[92,143],"indicate":[93],"our":[95],"1-bit":[98],"can":[100],"obtain":[101],"accuracy":[102],"similar":[103],"traditional":[108],"tempotron":[109],"4-bit":[111],"classifying":[114],"single":[115],"random":[117],"latency":[118],"pairwise":[120],"synchrony":[121],"patterns.":[122],"Hence,":[123],"method":[126],"better":[128],"suited":[129],"for":[130],"robust":[131],"hardware":[132],"implementation":[133],"presence":[136],"statistical":[138],"variations.":[139],"We":[140],"also":[141],"present":[142],"applying":[145],"real-life":[149],"classification":[151],"problems":[152],"from":[153],"field":[155],"tactile":[157],"sensing.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
