{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2338257905","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2015.2436432","title":"A New Distance Metric for Unsupervised Learning of Categorical Data","display_name":"A New Distance Metric for Unsupervised Learning of Categorical Data","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2338257905","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2015.2436432","mag":"2338257905","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26068881"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2015.2436432","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2015.2436432","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047553796","display_name":"Hong Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9352-2366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141568987","display_name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/0145fw131","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hong Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038516431","display_name":"Yiu\u2010ming Cheung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7629-4648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141568987","display_name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/0145fw131","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12615008","display_name":"Beijing Normal University - Hong Kong Baptist University United International College","ror":"https://ror.org/04snvc712","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12615008"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25254941","display_name":"Beijing Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/022k4wk35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25254941"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiu-ming Cheung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong","United International College, Beijing Normal University\u2013Hong Kong Baptist University, Zhuhai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"United International College, Beijing Normal University\u2013Hong Kong Baptist University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12615008","https://openalex.org/I25254941","https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062375227","display_name":"Jiming Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8669-9064"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141568987","display_name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/0145fw131","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiming Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047553796"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.251,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":115,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97071198,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"5","first_page":"1065","last_page":"1079"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9771999716758728,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9745000004768372,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorical-variable","display_name":"Categorical variable","score":0.8719706535339355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.7450809478759766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basis","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","score":0.5546947121620178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.47904837131500244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45278260111808777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.43739330768585205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.372714102268219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3608279228210449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2980494499206543}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5274069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2285707","display_name":"Categorical variable","level":2,"score":0.8719706535339355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.7450809478759766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12426560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189569","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5546947121620178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.47904837131500244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45278260111808777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43739330768585205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.372714102268219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3608279228210449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2980494499206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2015.2436432","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2015.2436432","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:26068881","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26068881","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7207736254","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61272366","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W50767058","https://openalex.org/W1486517774","https://openalex.org/W1562135275","https://openalex.org/W1605406256","https://openalex.org/W1749032234","https://openalex.org/W1965555277","https://openalex.org/W1966166469","https://openalex.org/W1967987265","https://openalex.org/W1972458788","https://openalex.org/W1987351746","https://openalex.org/W2003048487","https://openalex.org/W2004131797","https://openalex.org/W2015966799","https://openalex.org/W2029338808","https://openalex.org/W2033538982","https://openalex.org/W2034024435","https://openalex.org/W2035754407","https://openalex.org/W2047878524","https://openalex.org/W2064686951","https://openalex.org/W2077493928","https://openalex.org/W2103000160","https://openalex.org/W2106446203","https://openalex.org/W2110311637","https://openalex.org/W2111685427","https://openalex.org/W2114545146","https://openalex.org/W2117154949","https://openalex.org/W2120284069","https://openalex.org/W2121949863","https://openalex.org/W2123838014","https://openalex.org/W2130556178","https://openalex.org/W2132149726","https://openalex.org/W2140376886","https://openalex.org/W2143687373","https://openalex.org/W2144935315","https://openalex.org/W2148425841","https://openalex.org/W2149620660","https://openalex.org/W2153471539","https://openalex.org/W2157364932","https://openalex.org/W2157911873","https://openalex.org/W2158012006","https://openalex.org/W2158602558","https://openalex.org/W2169495281","https://openalex.org/W2171832470","https://openalex.org/W2886661658","https://openalex.org/W2949595274","https://openalex.org/W3016005719","https://openalex.org/W3140968660","https://openalex.org/W4210880854","https://openalex.org/W4242221364","https://openalex.org/W6675751002","https://openalex.org/W6677328822","https://openalex.org/W6680832709","https://openalex.org/W6680962578","https://openalex.org/W6681822384","https://openalex.org/W6683496759","https://openalex.org/W6683661426","https://openalex.org/W6753898695","https://openalex.org/W7008692621"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386799044","https://openalex.org/W2773208253","https://openalex.org/W2560646951","https://openalex.org/W4297454206","https://openalex.org/W65104662","https://openalex.org/W1871748041","https://openalex.org/W2362286668","https://openalex.org/W2133382151","https://openalex.org/W2153339597","https://openalex.org/W1528412344"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Distance":[0],"metric":[1,50,74],"is":[2,28,75,103],"the":[3,18,56,63,79,87,97,108,114,117,131,134],"basis":[4],"of":[5,58,82,89,110,133],"many":[6],"learning":[7,19],"algorithms,":[8],"and":[9,86],"its":[10],"effectiveness":[11,132],"usually":[12],"has":[13],"a":[14,29,36,47],"significant":[15],"influence":[16],"on":[17,55,124],"results.":[20],"In":[21,61],"general,":[22],"measuring":[23],"distance":[24,49,64,115,136],"for":[25,39,51],"numerical":[26],"data":[27,41,53,119,127],"tractable":[30],"task,":[31],"but":[32],"it":[33],"could":[34],"be":[35],"nontrivial":[37],"problem":[38],"categorical":[40,52,59],"sets.":[42],"This":[43],"paper,":[44],"therefore,":[45],"presents":[46],"new":[48],"based":[54],"characteristics":[57],"values.":[60],"particular,":[62],"between":[65,116],"two":[66,84],"values":[67,85,88],"from":[68],"one":[69],"attribute":[70,101],"measured":[71],"by":[72,77],"this":[73],"determined":[76],"both":[78],"frequency":[80],"probabilities":[81],"these":[83],"other":[90],"attributes":[91],"that":[92],"have":[93,129],"high":[94],"interdependence":[95],"with":[96],"calculated":[98],"one.":[99],"Dynamic":[100],"weight":[102],"further":[104],"designed":[105],"to":[106,113],"adjust":[107],"contribution":[109],"each":[111],"attribute-distance":[112],"whole":[118],"objects.":[120],"Promising":[121],"experimental":[122],"results":[123],"different":[125],"real":[126],"sets":[128],"shown":[130],"proposed":[135],"metric.":[137]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}