{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1972822237","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2014.2376974","title":"Group Factor Analysis","display_name":"Group Factor Analysis","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-12-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1972822237","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2014.2376974","mag":"1972822237","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25532193"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2014.2376974","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2014.2376974","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084783731","display_name":"Arto Klami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7950-1355"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arto Klami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7950-1355","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102707871","display_name":"Seppo Virtanen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0261-8958"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seppo Virtanen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036483437","display_name":"Eemeli Lepp\u00e4aho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1100-777X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eemeli Leppaaho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018305257","display_name":"Samuel Kaski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1925-9154"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133731052","display_name":"University of Helsinki","ror":"https://ror.org/040af2s02","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Kaski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","Department of Information and Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133731052"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5619,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":107,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8961431,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"9","first_page":"2136","last_page":"2147"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10887","display_name":"Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10887","display_name":"Bioinformatics and Genomic Networks","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10885","display_name":"Gene expression and cancer classification","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.9835000038146973,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canonical-correlation","display_name":"Canonical correlation","score":0.7036900520324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latent-variable","display_name":"Latent variable","score":0.6624596118927002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/group","display_name":"Group (periodic table)","score":0.644472062587738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.6146094799041748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","score":0.5835584402084351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor-analysis","display_name":"Factor analysis","score":0.5029849410057068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.48476189374923706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.4798926115036011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4795346260070801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.4509720504283905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variables","display_name":"Variables","score":0.4353170096874237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4015129506587982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3545899987220764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2250072956085205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20135045051574707}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153874254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115542","display_name":"Canonical correlation","level":2,"score":0.7036900520324707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51167844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4422623","display_name":"Latent variable","level":2,"score":0.6624596118927002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781311116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83306","display_name":"Group (periodic table)","level":2,"score":0.644472062587738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6146094799041748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781039887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1391724","display_name":"Factor (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5835584402084351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10879293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q726474","display_name":"Factor analysis","level":2,"score":0.5029849410057068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.48476189374923706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4798926115036011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4795346260070801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.4509720504283905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27574286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320723","display_name":"Variables","level":2,"score":0.4353170096874237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4015129506587982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3545899987220764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2250072956085205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20135045051574707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2014.2376974","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2014.2376974","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:25532193","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25532193","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/9444c9a5-5b62-4c91-9c0e-df544b04e567","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/9444c9a5-5b62-4c91-9c0e-df544b04e567","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400662","display_name":"Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","host_organization_name":"University of Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Klami, A, Virtanen, S, Leppaaho, E & Kaski, S 2015, 'Group Factor Analysis', IEEE Transactions on NEural Networks and Learning Systems, vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 2136-2147. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNNLS.2014.2376974","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/9444c9a5-5b62-4c91-9c0e-df544b04e567","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6985615/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400662","display_name":"Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","host_organization_name":"University of Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Klami, A, Virtanen, S, Leppaaho, E & Kaski, S 2015, 'Group Factor Analysis', IEEE Transactions on NEural Networks and Learning Systems, vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 2136-2147. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNNLS.2014.2376974","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:spiral.imperial.ac.uk:10044/1/52915","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/52915","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401396","display_name":"Spiral (Imperial College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","host_organization_name":"Imperial College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2147","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Responsible consumption and production","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3636752009","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"266969","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4249896723","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"251170","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6321830016","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"140057","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","funder_display_name":"Academy of Finland"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321108","display_name":"Academy of Finland","ror":"https://ror.org/05k73zm37"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321394","display_name":"Aalto-Yliopisto","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321855","display_name":"Tekes","ror":"https://ror.org/02ag8cq23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506474499","https://openalex.org/W1518712659","https://openalex.org/W1532737361","https://openalex.org/W1660390307","https://openalex.org/W1920010643","https://openalex.org/W1967542346","https://openalex.org/W1968244248","https://openalex.org/W1984946761","https://openalex.org/W1989478757","https://openalex.org/W2007729962","https://openalex.org/W2020082133","https://openalex.org/W2042122853","https://openalex.org/W2046049351","https://openalex.org/W2052637985","https://openalex.org/W2060899536","https://openalex.org/W2065760681","https://openalex.org/W2073911885","https://openalex.org/W2078204079","https://openalex.org/W2079450984","https://openalex.org/W2087962626","https://openalex.org/W2089494389","https://openalex.org/W2101135654","https://openalex.org/W2102701235","https://openalex.org/W2116804945","https://openalex.org/W2121604817","https://openalex.org/W2121791723","https://openalex.org/W2123111158","https://openalex.org/W2126497681","https://openalex.org/W2130186565","https://openalex.org/W2130336429","https://openalex.org/W2137404238","https://openalex.org/W2138019504","https://openalex.org/W2144903813","https://openalex.org/W2156872152","https://openalex.org/W2166230915","https://openalex.org/W2240680755","https://openalex.org/W2294460823","https://openalex.org/W2904250115","https://openalex.org/W2950921101","https://openalex.org/W2952664369","https://openalex.org/W2977883299","https://openalex.org/W3124158594","https://openalex.org/W4297625931","https://openalex.org/W4388319965","https://openalex.org/W6630897461","https://openalex.org/W6632034549","https://openalex.org/W6640122379","https://openalex.org/W6677403968","https://openalex.org/W6678133184","https://openalex.org/W6678328040","https://openalex.org/W6678583891","https://openalex.org/W6679641359","https://openalex.org/W6681437887","https://openalex.org/W6682782370","https://openalex.org/W6684375419","https://openalex.org/W6696835939","https://openalex.org/W6789114847"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2189693141","https://openalex.org/W3160707851","https://openalex.org/W3005592848","https://openalex.org/W2161024884","https://openalex.org/W1565287552","https://openalex.org/W2337295048","https://openalex.org/W2009210337","https://openalex.org/W2088499455","https://openalex.org/W2033724825","https://openalex.org/W4281665561"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Factor":[0],"analysis":[1,54,125,166],"(FA)":[2],"provides":[3],"linear":[4,23],"factors":[5,24],"that":[6,25,63,117],"describe":[7,26],"the":[8,27,94,98,101,105,108,112,118,122,156,165],"relationships":[9,28,99],"between":[10,29,100],"individual":[11],"variables":[12,42,110],"of":[13,31,40,78,89,139,167,170],"a":[14,38,44,61,75,79],"data":[15,45,149,172],"set.":[16,46],"We":[17,115],"extend":[18],"this":[19],"classical":[20],"formulation":[21],"into":[22],"groups":[30,102],"variables,":[32],"where":[33],"each":[34],"group":[35,123],"represents":[36],"either":[37],"set":[39],"related":[41],"or":[43],"The":[47,141],"model":[48,82],"also":[49],"naturally":[50],"extends":[51],"canonical":[52],"correlation":[53],"to":[55,164],"more":[56,65,136],"than":[57,67],"two":[58,90,146],"sets,":[59,150],"in":[60],"way":[62],"is":[64,72,143],"flexible":[66],"previous":[68],"extensions.":[69],"Our":[70],"solution":[71,120],"formulated":[73],"as":[74,133,135],"variational":[76],"inference":[77],"latent":[80],"variable":[81],"with":[83],"structural":[84],"sparsity,":[85],"and":[86,103,155],"it":[87],"consists":[88],"hierarchical":[91],"levels:":[92],"1)":[93],"higher":[95,113],"level":[96],"models":[97,107],"2)":[104],"lower":[106],"observed":[109],"given":[111],"level.":[114],"show":[116],"resulting":[119],"solves":[121],"factor":[124],"(GFA)":[126],"problem":[127],"accurately,":[128],"outperforming":[129],"alternative":[130],"FA-based":[131],"solutions":[132],"well":[134],"straightforward":[137],"implementations":[138],"GFA.":[140],"method":[142],"demonstrated":[144],"on":[145,152,158],"life":[147],"science":[148],"one":[151],"brain":[153],"activation":[154],"other":[157],"systems":[159],"biology,":[160],"illustrating":[161],"its":[162],"applicability":[163],"different":[168],"types":[169],"high-dimensional":[171],"sources.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}