{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2066248959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2013.2268542","title":"Pseudo-Orthogonalization of Memory Patterns for Associative Memory","display_name":"Pseudo-Orthogonalization of Memory Patterns for Associative Memory","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-07-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2066248959","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2013.2268542","mag":"2066248959","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24808619"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2013.2268542","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2013.2268542","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082297304","display_name":"Makito Oku","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0282-2361"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Makito Oku","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan","Inst. of Ind. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. of Ind. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108496023","display_name":"Takaki Makino","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takaki Makino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan","Inst. of Ind. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. of Ind. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038078845","display_name":"Kazuyuki Aihara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4602-9816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazuyuki Aihara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan","Inst. of Ind. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Industrial Science, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inst. of Ind. Sci., Univ. of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6475,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87760752,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"11","first_page":"1877","last_page":"1887"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7795105576515198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthogonalization","display_name":"Orthogonalization","score":0.7277292609214783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.708362340927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/content-addressable-memory","display_name":"Content-addressable memory","score":0.688662052154541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xnor-gate","display_name":"XNOR gate","score":0.6730961799621582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/masking","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","score":0.6206902861595154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bidirectional-associative-memory","display_name":"Bidirectional associative memory","score":0.5994706749916077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simple","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","score":0.4631023108959198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4597260355949402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.39302483201026917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.383729487657547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.33300524950027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.32324284315109253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.17664608359336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nand-gate","display_name":"NAND gate","score":0.10693836212158203}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7795105576515198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47559304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1702189","display_name":"Orthogonalization","level":2,"score":0.7277292609214783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.708362340927124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53442348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745101","display_name":"Content-addressable memory","level":3,"score":0.688662052154541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57684291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1336142","display_name":"XNOR gate","level":4,"score":0.6730961799621582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6783436","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","level":2,"score":0.6206902861595154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120620853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506355","display_name":"Bidirectional associative memory","level":4,"score":0.5994706749916077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4631023108959198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4597260355949402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.39302483201026917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.383729487657547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33300524950027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.32324284315109253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.17664608359336853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124296912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575178","display_name":"NAND gate","level":3,"score":0.10693836212158203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001245","descriptor_name":"Association Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001245","descriptor_name":"Association Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001245","descriptor_name":"Association Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008568","descriptor_name":"Memory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008568","descriptor_name":"Memory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008568","descriptor_name":"Memory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013382","descriptor_name":"Subtraction Technique","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013382","descriptor_name":"Subtraction Technique","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013382","descriptor_name":"Subtraction Technique","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D032701","descriptor_name":"Biomimetics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D032701","descriptor_name":"Biomimetics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D032701","descriptor_name":"Biomimetics","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnnls.2013.2268542","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnnls.2013.2268542","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210175523","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","issn_l":"2162-237X","issn":["2162-237X","2162-2388"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks and Learning Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:24808619","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24808619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on neural networks and learning systems","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2092800683","display_name":"Mathematical Modeling of Neural Information Processing Based on Presynapitc Control and its Applications to Engineering","funder_award_id":"20246026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W191001584","https://openalex.org/W1486990335","https://openalex.org/W1666326031","https://openalex.org/W1821981656","https://openalex.org/W1966240450","https://openalex.org/W1971873204","https://openalex.org/W1995539593","https://openalex.org/W2020391768","https://openalex.org/W2020731033","https://openalex.org/W2020999234","https://openalex.org/W2022008179","https://openalex.org/W2029182425","https://openalex.org/W2030450972","https://openalex.org/W2033597318","https://openalex.org/W2033788889","https://openalex.org/W2038263512","https://openalex.org/W2038332023","https://openalex.org/W2042492924","https://openalex.org/W2053025701","https://openalex.org/W2054882585","https://openalex.org/W2058471850","https://openalex.org/W2075210427","https://openalex.org/W2075380850","https://openalex.org/W2076551955","https://openalex.org/W2080792322","https://openalex.org/W2082167367","https://openalex.org/W2095316090","https://openalex.org/W2095425517","https://openalex.org/W2106485397","https://openalex.org/W2109892802","https://openalex.org/W2128084896","https://openalex.org/W2129217160","https://openalex.org/W2149413876","https://openalex.org/W2152958328","https://openalex.org/W2153012070","https://openalex.org/W2154168705","https://openalex.org/W2169006540","https://openalex.org/W3147726452","https://openalex.org/W4234572080"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987836535","https://openalex.org/W4321273133","https://openalex.org/W1503438809","https://openalex.org/W2610618975","https://openalex.org/W2109892802","https://openalex.org/W1536116856","https://openalex.org/W2769111744","https://openalex.org/W2260028708","https://openalex.org/W1492367088","https://openalex.org/W2050720944"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"new":[1],"method":[2,84],"for":[3],"improving":[4],"the":[5,22,28,32,40,89,97,113,116,120,123,152,155],"storage":[6,19,110],"capacity":[7,20,41,111,139],"of":[8,21,34,88,115,138,154],"associative":[9],"memory":[10,46,91],"models":[11],"on":[12],"a":[13,71,135],"neural":[14],"network":[15,23,29],"is":[16,77],"proposed.":[17],"The":[18,104],"increases":[24],"in":[25,31,38,122,134],"proportion":[26],"to":[27,50,150],"size":[30],"case":[33],"random":[35,94],"patterns,":[36,95],"but,":[37],"general,":[39],"suffers":[42],"from":[43],"correlation":[44],"among":[45],"patterns.":[47],"Numerous":[48],"solutions":[49],"this":[51,67],"problem":[52],"have":[53],"been":[54],"proposed":[55,156],"so":[56],"far,":[57],"but":[58],"their":[59,64],"high":[60],"computational":[61],"cost":[62,114],"limits":[63],"scalability.":[65],"In":[66],"paper,":[68],"we":[69],"propose":[70],"novel":[72],"and":[73,96,100,143],"simple":[74],"solution":[75],"that":[76],"locally":[78],"computable":[79],"without":[80],"any":[81],"iteration.":[82],"Our":[83],"involves":[85],"XNOR":[86],"masking":[87],"original":[90],"patterns":[92,99,107],"with":[93],"masked":[98],"masks":[101],"are":[102,146],"concatenated.":[103],"resulting":[105],"decorrelated":[106],"allow":[108],"higher":[109],"at":[112],"pattern":[117,124],"length.":[118],"Furthermore,":[119],"increase":[121],"length":[125],"can":[126],"be":[127],"reduced":[128],"through":[129],"blockwise":[130],"masking,":[131],"which":[132],"results":[133],"small":[136],"amount":[137],"loss.":[140],"Movie":[141],"replay":[142],"image":[144],"recognition":[145],"presented":[147],"as":[148],"examples":[149],"demonstrate":[151],"scalability":[153],"method.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}