{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399451090","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2024.3407783","title":"InaudibleKey2.0: Deep Learning-Empowered Mobile Device Pairing Protocol Based on Inaudible Acoustic Signals","display_name":"InaudibleKey2.0: Deep Learning-Empowered Mobile Device Pairing Protocol Based on Inaudible Acoustic Signals","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399451090","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2024.3407783"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnet.2024.3407783","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2024.3407783","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62238642","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"1063-6692","issn":["1063-6692","1558-2566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/inaudiblekey20-deep-learning-empowered-mobile-device-pairing-prot","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034567406","display_name":"Huanqi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7867-6217"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105229","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00xc0ma20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105229"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huanqi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7867-6217","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708","https://openalex.org/I4210105229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100419083","display_name":"Zhenjiang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3296-3392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105229","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00xc0ma20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105229"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenjiang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3296-3392","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708","https://openalex.org/I4210105229"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060564734","display_name":"Chengwen Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0293-0781"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengwen Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0293-0781","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083707253","display_name":"Bo Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0781-9655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","display_name":"Newcastle University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kj2bm70","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0781-9655","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036424879","display_name":"Weitao Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9741-5912"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105229","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00xc0ma20","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105229"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weitao Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9741-5912","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708","https://openalex.org/I4210105229"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034567406"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708","https://openalex.org/I4210105229"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2375,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7815135,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"5","first_page":"4160","last_page":"4174"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9571999907493591,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9571999907493591,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9132999777793884,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairing","display_name":"Pairing","score":0.7319785952568054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5518593788146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.471998929977417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33201509714126587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.10025522112846375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.07928955554962158}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14103023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681459","display_name":"Pairing","level":3,"score":0.7319785952568054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5518593788146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.471998929977417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33201509714126587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.10025522112846375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.07928955554962158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54101563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124131","display_name":"Superconductivity","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnet.2024.3407783","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2024.3407783","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62238642","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"1063-6692","issn":["1063-6692","1558-2566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/inaudiblekey20-deep-learning-empowered-mobile-device-pairing-prot","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62238642","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"1063-6692","issn":["1063-6692","1558-2566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ncl.ac.uk:298880","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402485","display_name":"Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","host_organization_name":"Newcastle University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/d949d13b-f509-431d-90e7-73d0b829e5a8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2031/d949d13b-f509-431d-90e7-73d0b829e5a8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055387","display_name":"CityU Scholars","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Yang, H, Li, Z, Luo, C, Wei, B & Xu, W 2024, 'InaudibleKey2.0 : Deep Learning-Empowered Mobile Device Pairing Protocol Based on Inaudible Acoustic Signals', IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, vol. 32, no. 5, pp. 4160-4174. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNET.2024.3407783","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://scholars.cityu.edu.hk/en/publications/inaudiblekey20-deep-learning-empowered-mobile-device-pairing-prot","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62238642","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"1063-6692","issn":["1063-6692","1558-2566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3208699468","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2414050001974","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G391925360","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CityU 11201422","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5516222651","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62101471","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6736814734","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024A1515010192","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7861906870","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CityU 21201420","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7981627932","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2021LZH010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338074","funder_display_name":"Government of Shandong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333998","display_name":"Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00xc0ma20"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338074","display_name":"Government of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1490705928","https://openalex.org/W1955330666","https://openalex.org/W1963794495","https://openalex.org/W1981029888","https://openalex.org/W2011582944","https://openalex.org/W2019258915","https://openalex.org/W2031481606","https://openalex.org/W2032719203","https://openalex.org/W2054496355","https://openalex.org/W2065072409","https://openalex.org/W2079735306","https://openalex.org/W2087355434","https://openalex.org/W2089695767","https://openalex.org/W2103279031","https://openalex.org/W2122837018","https://openalex.org/W2123845384","https://openalex.org/W2126477936","https://openalex.org/W2127697497","https://openalex.org/W2136447324","https://openalex.org/W2156808151","https://openalex.org/W2295120647","https://openalex.org/W2394945029","https://openalex.org/W2476448192","https://openalex.org/W2516871879","https://openalex.org/W2532585811","https://openalex.org/W2548276179","https://openalex.org/W2566093627","https://openalex.org/W2580028016","https://openalex.org/W2601292847","https://openalex.org/W2620878397","https://openalex.org/W2734962760","https://openalex.org/W2790572611","https://openalex.org/W2794756467","https://openalex.org/W2810673557","https://openalex.org/W2834022868","https://openalex.org/W2903743879","https://openalex.org/W2925634966","https://openalex.org/W2948935733","https://openalex.org/W2963907129","https://openalex.org/W2979717817","https://openalex.org/W3011357601","https://openalex.org/W3012254288","https://openalex.org/W3096980218","https://openalex.org/W3119259203","https://openalex.org/W3164920863","https://openalex.org/W3206247144","https://openalex.org/W4241406615","https://openalex.org/W4243494487","https://openalex.org/W4254402755","https://openalex.org/W4255955830","https://openalex.org/W4312294872","https://openalex.org/W4385080276","https://openalex.org/W4386245254","https://openalex.org/W6640709003","https://openalex.org/W6810937164"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3015473028","https://openalex.org/W3201176751","https://openalex.org/W1993094293","https://openalex.org/W2029180842","https://openalex.org/W2024971119","https://openalex.org/W2057898405","https://openalex.org/W2953807518","https://openalex.org/W2258335979"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,189],"increasing":[1],"proliferation":[2],"of":[3,80],"Internet-of-Things":[4],"(IoT)":[5],"devices":[6,28,83,205],"in":[7,135,149,156,163],"daily":[8],"life":[9],"has":[10],"rendered":[11],"secure":[12,19],"Device-to-Device":[13],"(D2D)":[14],"communication":[15,21],"increasingly":[16],"crucial.":[17],"Achieving":[18],"D2D":[20],"necessitates":[22],"key":[23,44,62,89,115,125,150],"agreement":[24,126],"between":[25],"various":[26],"IoT":[27,187,204],"without":[29,206],"prior":[30],"knowledge.":[31],"Despite":[32],"existing":[33],"literature":[34],"proposing":[35],"numerous":[36,175],"approaches,":[37],"they":[38],"exhibit":[39],"limitations":[40],"such":[41],"as":[42,84],"low":[43],"generation":[45,63,116,151],"rates":[46],"and":[47,118,159,185,196,202],"short":[48],"pairing":[49,157],"distances.":[50],"In":[51,139],"this":[52],"paper,":[53],"we":[54,179],"present":[55],"InaudibleKey2.0,":[56],"an":[57],"inaudible":[58],"acoustic":[59,70,76],"signal":[60],"based":[61],"protocol":[64],"for":[65,88,106,113,123],"mobile":[66],"devices.":[67,188],"Based":[68],"on":[69,182,199],"channel":[71,77,103,108],"reciprocity,":[72,109],"InaudibleKey2.0":[73,95,134,144,171,181],"exploits":[74],"the":[75],"frequency":[78],"response":[79],"two":[81],"legitimate":[82],"a":[85,100,110,119],"shared":[86],"secret":[87],"generation.":[90],"To":[91],"significantly":[92],"enhance":[93],"performance,":[94],"incorporates":[96],"novel":[97],"technologies,":[98],"including":[99],"deep":[101],"learning-enabled":[102],"prediction":[104],"model":[105,112],"improved":[107],"quantization":[111],"increased":[114],"rates,":[117,152],"transformer-based":[120],"reconciliation":[121,165],"method":[122],"augmented":[124],"rates.":[127],"We":[128],"conduct":[129],"comprehensive":[130],"experiments":[131],"to":[132,141,174],"evaluate":[133],"diverse":[136],"real-world":[137],"environments.":[138],"comparison":[140],"state-of-the-art":[142],"solutions,":[143],"achieves":[145],"1.3\u20139.1":[146],"times":[147,154,161],"improvement":[148],"3.2\u201344":[153],"extension":[155],"distances,":[158],"1.2\u201316":[160],"reduction":[162],"information":[164],"counts.":[166],"Security":[167],"analysis":[168],"substantiates":[169],"that":[170,192],"is":[172,194],"resilient":[173],"malicious":[176],"attacks.":[177],"Furthermore,":[178],"implement":[180],"modern":[183],"smartphones":[184],"resource-limited":[186,203],"results":[190],"indicate":[191],"it":[193],"energy-efficient":[195],"can":[197],"operate":[198],"both":[200],"powerful":[201],"causing":[207],"excessive":[208],"resource":[209],"consumption.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-03T09:05:47.796612","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}