{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396941521","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2024.3398814","title":"LoPhy: A Resilient and Fast Covert Channel Over LoRa PHY","display_name":"LoPhy: A Resilient and Fast Covert Channel Over LoRa PHY","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396941521","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2024.3398814"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnet.2024.3398814","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2024.3398814","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62238642","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"1063-6692","issn":["1063-6692","1558-2566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035385309","display_name":"Boya Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0389-5020"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boya Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0389-5020","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074511454","display_name":"Chaojie Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2153-811X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaojie Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2153-811X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068195118","display_name":"Shibo He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1505-6766"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shibo He","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1505-6766","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100726041","display_name":"Jiming Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3155-3145"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiming Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3155-3145","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Industrial Control Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3733,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50967648,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"5","first_page":"3792","last_page":"3807"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.9915000200271606,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11932","display_name":"Wireless Body Area Networks","score":0.9818000197410583,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phy","display_name":"PHY","score":0.6974340677261353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.58321213722229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.46955329179763794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4531753659248352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.4402516186237335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2007960081100464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-layer","display_name":"Physical layer","score":0.11364537477493286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.05528983473777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.05071195960044861}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41918916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"PHY","level":4,"score":0.6974340677261353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.58321213722229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.46955329179763794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4531753659248352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.4402516186237335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2007960081100464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19247436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192727","display_name":"Physical layer","level":3,"score":0.11364537477493286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.05528983473777771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.05071195960044861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnet.2024.3398814","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2024.3398814","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62238642","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"1063-6692","issn":["1063-6692","1558-2566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2751723851","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62302439","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3188578225","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U23A20296","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4582249462","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"226-2024-00004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G585820941","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"226-2024-00004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G673267744","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"226-2023-00111","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7768801398","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"226-2023-00111","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8022898299","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1909207","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1550165678","https://openalex.org/W1738992959","https://openalex.org/W1811605617","https://openalex.org/W1976389057","https://openalex.org/W2099137371","https://openalex.org/W2145262697","https://openalex.org/W2170074829","https://openalex.org/W2238723005","https://openalex.org/W2739237290","https://openalex.org/W2761188035","https://openalex.org/W2783685961","https://openalex.org/W2786565337","https://openalex.org/W2794682992","https://openalex.org/W2886607494","https://openalex.org/W2888892063","https://openalex.org/W2917931339","https://openalex.org/W2922254723","https://openalex.org/W2962789418","https://openalex.org/W2963199173","https://openalex.org/W2981455641","https://openalex.org/W2994759108","https://openalex.org/W3033228838","https://openalex.org/W3035324796","https://openalex.org/W3043904727","https://openalex.org/W3047199854","https://openalex.org/W3047548313","https://openalex.org/W3087772852","https://openalex.org/W3109822984","https://openalex.org/W3110146063","https://openalex.org/W3110209067","https://openalex.org/W3110234187","https://openalex.org/W3110502668","https://openalex.org/W3153270351","https://openalex.org/W3198109319","https://openalex.org/W3201173074","https://openalex.org/W3203866400","https://openalex.org/W3206083245","https://openalex.org/W3208459539","https://openalex.org/W3209997279","https://openalex.org/W3210679776","https://openalex.org/W3214101066","https://openalex.org/W3214172595","https://openalex.org/W4206662040","https://openalex.org/W4210582629","https://openalex.org/W4221115705","https://openalex.org/W4244361300","https://openalex.org/W4254744087","https://openalex.org/W4285327941","https://openalex.org/W4372271816","https://openalex.org/W4393028566"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2523525694","https://openalex.org/W4283023968","https://openalex.org/W1964667553","https://openalex.org/W2001476941","https://openalex.org/W2390471376","https://openalex.org/W2530058746","https://openalex.org/W2998642566","https://openalex.org/W2310124881"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Covert":[0],"channel,":[1,105],"which":[2],"can":[3,38],"break":[4],"the":[5,9,26,40,45,62,70,78,131,144,147,152,158,195,200],"logical":[6],"protections":[7],"of":[8,47,65,74,80,205],"computer":[10,57],"system":[11],"and":[12,72,113,122,142,151,165,168],"leak":[13],"confidential":[14],"or":[15],"sensitive":[16],"information,":[17],"has":[18,33,109],"long":[19],"been":[20,89],"considered":[21],"a":[22,103,120,171,177],"security":[23],"issue":[24],"in":[25,77],"network":[27],"research":[28,32],"community.":[29],"However,":[30],"recent":[31],"shown":[34],"that":[35],"cooperative":[36],"agents":[37],"use":[39],"\u201ccovert\u201d":[41],"channel":[42,108,125,161],"to":[43,55,101,138],"augment":[44],"communication":[46],"legitimate":[48,153,184],"applications,":[49],"rather":[50],"than":[51],"by":[52],"adversaries":[53],"seeking":[54],"compromise":[56],"security.":[58],"This":[59],"further":[60],"broadens":[61],"potential":[63,196],"applications":[64,191],"covert":[66,75,104,124,148,160],"channels.":[67],"Despite":[68],"this,":[69],"design":[71],"implementation":[73],"channels":[76],"context":[79],"Low":[81],"Power":[82],"Wide":[83],"Area":[84],"Networks":[85],"(LPWANs)":[86],"have":[87],"not":[88],"widely":[90],"discussed.":[91],"Current":[92],"state-of-the-art":[93],"uses":[94],"On-off":[95],"keying":[96],"(OOK)":[97],"on":[98,162,183,210],"LoRa":[99,127],"PHY":[100],"create":[102],"but":[106],"this":[107,116],"limited":[110],"transmission":[111],"distance":[112,178],"capacity.":[114],"In":[115],"paper,":[117],"we":[118,188],"proposeLoPhy,":[119],"resilient":[121],"fast":[123],"over":[126],"physical":[128],"layer":[129],"(PHY).LoPhyuses":[130],"Chirp":[132],"Spreading":[133],"Spectrum":[134],"(CSS)":[135],"modulation":[136],"scheme":[137],"increase":[139],"its":[140],"resilience":[141],"explore":[143],"trade-off":[145],"between":[146],"channel\u2019s":[149,154,185],"capacity":[150],"resilience.":[155,212],"We":[156],"implement":[157],"proposed":[159],"off-the-shelf":[163],"devices":[164],"software-defined":[166],"radios":[167],"show":[169],"thatLoPhyachieves":[170],"0.57%":[172],"bit":[173,206],"error":[174],"rate":[175],"at":[176],"of$700\\,\\text":[179],"{m}$with":[180],"slight":[181],"impact":[182],"performance.":[186],"Moreover,":[187],"present":[189],"two":[190],"enabled":[192],"byLoPhyto":[193],"demonstrate":[194],"ofLoPhy.":[197],"Compared":[198],"with":[199],"state-of-the-art,LoPhybrings":[201],"up":[202],"to$18\\times":[203],"$reduction":[204],"errors":[207],"and$63\\times":[208],"$gain":[209],"noise":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
