{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4288782709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2022.3193686","title":"Performance Tuning via Lean Measurements for Acceleration of Network Functions Virtualization","display_name":"Performance Tuning via Lean Measurements for Acceleration of Network Functions Virtualization","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4288782709","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2022.3193686"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnet.2022.3193686","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2022.3193686","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/90/10045328/09845378.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62238642","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"1063-6692","issn":["1063-6692","1558-2566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/90/10045328/09845378.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100755664","display_name":"Qiang Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9467-1491"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","Collaborative Innovation Center of Novel Software Technology and Industrialization, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Novel Software Technology and Industrialization, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063431322","display_name":"Xiangping Zhai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8939-199X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangping Bryce Zhai","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","Collaborative Innovation Center of Novel Software Technology and Industrialization, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8939-199X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Novel Software Technology and Industrialization, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101604113","display_name":"Xi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8011-5419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University of PLA, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078198240","display_name":"Chunming Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7958-9687"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168879160","display_name":"Zhejiang University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05mx0wr29","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun-Ming Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7958-9687","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168879160"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005702887","display_name":"Fangliang Lou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098582","display_name":"ZTE (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00rjhhq63","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098582"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767749","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Mobile Networks and Mobile Multimedia Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05cd55294","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098582","https://openalex.org/I4391767749"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangliang Lou","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Mobile Networks and Mobile Multimedia Technology, ZTE Corporation, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Mobile Networks and Mobile Multimedia Technology, ZTE Corporation, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098582","https://openalex.org/I4391767749"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091713195","display_name":"Hongke Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8906-813X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongke Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8906-813X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4008,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60741304,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"1","first_page":"366","last_page":"379"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8250813484191895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7019363641738892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.6695125699043274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acceleration","display_name":"Acceleration","score":0.6077297925949097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtualization","display_name":"Virtualization","score":0.5997321605682373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.4922977685928345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speedup","display_name":"Speedup","score":0.4812457263469696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/packet-processing","display_name":"Packet processing","score":0.4628215730190277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4445713758468628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.434403657913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.42437005043029785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.20563125610351562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.17963919043540955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.10120812058448792}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8250813484191895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7019363641738892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6695125699043274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.6077297925949097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513985346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q270471","display_name":"Virtualization","level":3,"score":0.5997321605682373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.4922977685928345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68339613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1549489","display_name":"Speedup","level":2,"score":0.4812457263469696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779581428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7122997","display_name":"Packet processing","level":3,"score":0.4628215730190277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4445713758468628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.434403657913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.42437005043029785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.20563125610351562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.17963919043540955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.10120812058448792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnet.2022.3193686","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2022.3193686","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/90/10045328/09845378.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62238642","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"1063-6692","issn":["1063-6692","1558-2566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnet.2022.3193686","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2022.3193686","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/90/10045328/09845378.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62238642","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"1063-6692","issn":["1063-6692","1558-2566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6399999856948853}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G313705598","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61701231","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4655160836","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NJ2020022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322438","funder_display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322438","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323970","display_name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China","ror":"https://ror.org/0385nmy68"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324852","display_name":"Nanjing University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxvg760"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4288782709.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4288782709.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W62912982","https://openalex.org/W2027972911","https://openalex.org/W2042253916","https://openalex.org/W2056450656","https://openalex.org/W2057150007","https://openalex.org/W2079942837","https://openalex.org/W2082758924","https://openalex.org/W2085994492","https://openalex.org/W2101366948","https://openalex.org/W2125754106","https://openalex.org/W2144127235","https://openalex.org/W2164851674","https://openalex.org/W2169346037","https://openalex.org/W2260783129","https://openalex.org/W2322013807","https://openalex.org/W2604420083","https://openalex.org/W2759815337","https://openalex.org/W2776499284","https://openalex.org/W2891705554","https://openalex.org/W2901938775","https://openalex.org/W2920937335","https://openalex.org/W2964606357","https://openalex.org/W3008783405","https://openalex.org/W3040745125","https://openalex.org/W4214772975","https://openalex.org/W4239385313","https://openalex.org/W4253080218","https://openalex.org/W4297785317","https://openalex.org/W6602563146","https://openalex.org/W6640217614"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2058965144","https://openalex.org/W2164382479","https://openalex.org/W2883256816","https://openalex.org/W2146343568","https://openalex.org/W98480971","https://openalex.org/W2504430136","https://openalex.org/W1570571736","https://openalex.org/W2210470417","https://openalex.org/W2281138459","https://openalex.org/W3098781149"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Network":[0],"Functions":[1],"Virtualization":[2],"(NFV)":[3],"replaces":[4],"the":[5,9,14,37,44,74,86,100,112,121,135,143,155,158,174,185,189,202,215,223,228,237,246,250,253],"specialized":[6,40,49],"hardware":[7,50],"with":[8,180],"software-based":[10,52],"forwarding":[11,47,256],"to":[12,36,51,56,68,84,98,133,153,171],"promise":[13],"flexibility,":[15],"scalability":[16],"and":[17,39,114,130,211,232,249,255],"automation":[18],"benefits.":[19],"With":[20],"an":[21,80],"increasing":[22],"range":[23],"of":[24,76,102,184,208,214,222],"applications,":[25],"NFV":[26,63,159],"must":[27],"ultimately":[28],"forward":[29],"packets":[30],"at":[31],"rates":[32],"that":[33,93,111],"are":[34,107,127,196],"comparable":[35],"native":[38],"hardware-based":[41],"approaches.":[42],"However,":[43],"transition":[45],"packet":[46],"from":[48],"has":[53],"turned":[54],"out":[55],"be":[57],"more":[58],"challenging":[59],"than":[60],"expected.":[61],"Thus,":[62,201],"acceleration":[64],"is":[65,79,204],"desperately":[66],"needed":[67],"play":[69],"a":[70,91,163,181,199],"crucial":[71],"role":[72],"in":[73,90,206],"development":[75],"NFV.":[77],"It":[78],"interesting":[81],"issue":[82],"how":[83],"address":[85],"persistent":[87],"performance":[88,116,156,194],"tuning":[89],"way":[92],"provides":[94,162],"far":[95],"greater":[96],"flexibility":[97],"meet":[99],"demands":[101],"power.":[103],"The":[104,219,243],"existing":[105],"developments":[106],"very":[108],"inefficient,":[109],"since":[110],"uncontrollable":[113],"unanticipated":[115],"regressions":[117],"frequently":[118],"occur.":[119],"Besides,":[120],"environments":[122,190],"for":[123,157,191],"full":[124,216],"system":[125,136,217],"simulations":[126],"traditionally":[128],"expensive":[129],"time":[131,209],"consuming":[132],"evaluate":[134,245],"performance.":[137,257],"In":[138],"this":[139],"paper,":[140],"we":[141],"propose":[142,236],"methodology":[144],"named":[145],"as":[146],"\u201cNFV":[147],"Acceleration":[148],"via":[149],"Lean":[150],"Measurements":[151],"(NALM)\u201d":[152],"tune":[154],"acceleration.":[160],"NALM":[161],"holistic":[164],"measurement":[165],"approach":[166],"through":[167],"combining":[168],"individual":[169],"measures":[170],"quickly":[172],"identify":[173],"bottlenecks,":[175],"which":[176],"can":[177],"help":[178],"developers":[179],"better":[182],"understanding":[183],"design":[186],"tradeoffs.":[187],"Moreover,":[188],"large":[192],"scale":[193],"simulation":[195],"replaced":[197],"by":[198],"debugger.":[200],"waste":[203],"eliminated":[205],"terms":[207],"consumption":[210],"infrastructure":[212],"costs":[213],"simulation.":[218],"systematic":[220],"analysis":[221],"multi-cores":[224],"speedup":[225],"ratio":[226],"highlights":[227],"potential":[229],"optimization":[230],"space":[231],"rules.":[233],"We":[234],"further":[235],"improvement":[238],"recommendations":[239],"on":[240],"efficient":[241],"practices.":[242],"experiments":[244],"specific":[247],"effects,":[248],"relationship":[251],"between":[252],"metrics":[254]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}