{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2945287947","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2020.2991994","title":"Direct Acyclic Graph-Based Ledger for Internet of Things: Performance and Security Analysis","display_name":"Direct Acyclic Graph-Based Ledger for Internet of Things: Performance and Security Analysis","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2945287947","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2020.2991994","mag":"2945287947"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnet.2020.2991994","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2020.2991994","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62238642","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"1063-6692","issn":["1063-6692","1558-2566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yixin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0866-2477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10535382","display_name":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/03dgaqz26","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yixin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bin Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8839-243X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mugen Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4755-7231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139759216","display_name":"Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications","ror":"https://ror.org/04w9fbh59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mugen Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Networking and Switching Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139759216"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Long Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3659-3405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Long Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K","National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4767-3849"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K","National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Communications, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Daquan Feng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daquan Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Digital Creative Technology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Digital Creative Technology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jihong Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3639-5342"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jihong Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10535382","https://openalex.org/I139759216","https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":30.0437,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":165,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9964818,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"4","first_page":"1643","last_page":"1656"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.925000011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.925000011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.01080000028014183,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.006399999838322401,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directed-acyclic-graph","display_name":"Directed acyclic graph","score":0.6931999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5386000275611877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.52920001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5277000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.47440001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-security","display_name":"Network security","score":0.43849998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.4212999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transaction-processing","display_name":"Transaction processing","score":0.40610000491142273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74197172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195339","display_name":"Directed acyclic graph","level":2,"score":0.6931999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5386000275611877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.52920001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5277000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5045999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.47440001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.43849998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.42289999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.4212999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72108876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844565","display_name":"Transaction processing","level":3,"score":0.40610000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3853999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.38429999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.36820000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3668999969959259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91302708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732056","display_name":"Ledger","level":2,"score":0.3628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.36169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.3537999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.3206000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154908896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2167404","display_name":"Security policy","level":2,"score":0.27090001106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnet.2020.2991994","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2020.2991994","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62238642","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"1063-6692","issn":["1063-6692","1558-2566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:214104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1905.10925","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1905.10925","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1905.10925","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:214104","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Articles"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3869043428","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61701059","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4351780340","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61831002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4431454824","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/S02476X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6060517265","display_name":"Resource Orchestration for Diverse Radio Systems (REORDER)","funder_award_id":"EP/S02476X/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6580939896","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61941114","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G843111300","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ISN20-05","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323230","funder_display_name":"Xidian University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323230","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2605157201","https://openalex.org/W2619984247","https://openalex.org/W2793291994","https://openalex.org/W2897923185","https://openalex.org/W2922081827","https://openalex.org/W2924387646","https://openalex.org/W2963434081","https://openalex.org/W2996848732","https://openalex.org/W6635294131","https://openalex.org/W6685807058","https://openalex.org/W6759625968","https://openalex.org/W6782695248"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Direct":[0],"Acyclic":[1],"Graph":[2],"(DAG)-based":[3],"ledger":[4],"and":[5,26,63,105,141,191,207],"the":[6,36,68,72,89,97,103,108,124,148,159,184,188,192,202],"corresponding":[7],"consensus":[8,37,74,128,180],"algorithm":[9],"has":[10],"been":[11,31],"identified":[12],"as":[13,45,53,213],"a":[14,118,154,162,195,214],"promising":[15],"technology":[16],"for":[17,216],"Internet":[18],"of":[19,88,99,107,126,161,178,194,219],"Things":[20],"(IoT).":[21],"Compared":[22],"with":[23],"Proof-of-Work":[24],"(PoW)":[25],"Proof-of-Stake":[27],"(PoS)":[28],"that":[29],"have":[30],"widely":[32],"used":[33],"in":[34,166],"blockchain,":[35],"mechanism":[38],"designed":[39],"on":[40,71,86,102,147],"DAG":[41,46,73,92,127,179],"structure":[42],"(simply":[43],"called":[44],"consensus)":[47],"can":[48,173,211],"overcome":[49],"some":[50],"shortcomings":[51],"such":[52],"high":[54,57],"resource":[55],"consumption,":[56],"transaction":[58,61],"fee,":[59],"low":[60],"throughput":[62],"long":[64],"confirmation":[65,142,189,208],"delay.":[66],"However,":[67],"theoretic":[69],"analysis":[70],"is":[75],"an":[76,175],"untapped":[77],"venue":[78],"to":[79,122,157],"be":[80],"explored.":[81],"To":[82],"this":[83],"end,":[84],"based":[85,146],"one":[87],"most":[90],"typical":[91],"consensuses,":[93],"Tangle,":[94],"we":[95,115,152,199],"investigate":[96],"impact":[98],"network":[100,113,168,185],"load":[101,132,169,186],"performance":[104,136],"security":[106,205],"DAG-based":[109,220],"ledger.":[110],"Considering":[111],"unsteady":[112],"load,":[114],"first":[116],"propose":[117],"Markov":[119],"chain":[120],"model":[121,156],"capture":[123],"behavior":[125],"process":[129],"under":[130],"dynamic":[131],"conditions.":[133],"The":[134,171],"key":[135],"metrics,":[137],"i.e.,":[138],"cumulative":[139],"weight":[140],"delay":[143,190],"are":[144],"analysed":[145],"proposed":[149],"model.":[150],"Then,":[151],"leverage":[153],"stochastic":[155],"analyse":[158],"probability":[160,193],"successful":[163,196],"double-spending":[164],"attack":[165],"different":[167],"regimes.":[170],"results":[172],"provide":[174],"insightful":[176],"understanding":[177],"process,":[181],"e.g.,":[182],"how":[183],"affects":[187],"attack.":[197],"Meanwhile,":[198],"also":[200],"demonstrate":[201],"trade-off":[203],"between":[204],"level":[206],"delay,":[209],"which":[210],"act":[212],"guidance":[215],"practical":[217],"deployment":[218],"ledgers.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2019-05-29T00:00:00"}