{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3016001256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2020.2981514","title":"Understanding the Ecosystem and Addressing the Fundamental Concerns of Commercial MVNO","display_name":"Understanding the Ecosystem and Addressing the Fundamental Concerns of Commercial MVNO","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3016001256","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2020.2981514","mag":"3016001256"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnet.2020.2981514","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2020.2981514","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62238642","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"1063-6692","issn":["1063-6692","1558-2566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077532419","display_name":"Yang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3180-3511"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074111476","display_name":"Jianwei Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8381-906X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianwei Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100357922","display_name":"Zhenhua Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7286-122X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenhua Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101877973","display_name":"Yunhao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8052-9200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunhao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Binghamton University, Binghamton, USA","Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA","School of Software, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Binghamton University, Binghamton, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072962093","display_name":"Feng Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8509-2650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053940004","display_name":"Sen Bai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sen Bai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101444211","display_name":"Yao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2817-0725"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123946342","display_name":"Binghamton University","ror":"https://ror.org/008rmbt77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Binghamton University, Binghamton, USA","Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA","School of Software, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Binghamton University, Binghamton, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123946342"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013761622","display_name":"Xianlong Xin","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianlong Xin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xiaomi Technology Company Ltd., Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xiaomi Technology Company Ltd., Beijing, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077532419"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5796,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90041274,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"3","first_page":"1364","last_page":"1377"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10575","display_name":"Wireless Communication Networks Research","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10575","display_name":"Wireless Communication Networks Research","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12384","display_name":"Customer churn and segmentation","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1406","display_name":"Marketing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/customer-base","display_name":"Customer base","score":0.7557125091552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.7143965363502502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/revenue","display_name":"Revenue","score":0.6120932102203369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5764939785003662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.55897057056427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/analytics","display_name":"Analytics","score":0.503994882106781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/big-data","display_name":"Big data","score":0.4700072407722473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4219907224178314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4021112322807312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.33378392457962036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.29876384139060974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.18450775742530823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16287145018577576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.14268991351127625}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777276756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5196446","display_name":"Customer base","level":2,"score":0.7557125091552734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.7143965363502502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.6120932102203369},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5764939785003662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.55897057056427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79158427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485396","display_name":"Analytics","level":2,"score":0.503994882106781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75684735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q858810","display_name":"Big data","level":2,"score":0.4700072407722473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4219907224178314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4021112322807312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.33378392457962036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.29876384139060974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.18450775742530823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16287145018577576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.14268991351127625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnet.2020.2981514","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2020.2981514","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62238642","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"1063-6692","issn":["1063-6692","1558-2566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1448634523","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61822205","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3084395662","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61632020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3278686258","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018YFB1004700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7288596857","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61632013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8074511387","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61702298","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W85350352","https://openalex.org/W94523489","https://openalex.org/W408187963","https://openalex.org/W1498436455","https://openalex.org/W1525700438","https://openalex.org/W1550093822","https://openalex.org/W1551909886","https://openalex.org/W1563724809","https://openalex.org/W1966021193","https://openalex.org/W1989049108","https://openalex.org/W1989860229","https://openalex.org/W1995819826","https://openalex.org/W2006153161","https://openalex.org/W2015365325","https://openalex.org/W2021167140","https://openalex.org/W2033447684","https://openalex.org/W2062840500","https://openalex.org/W2066794502","https://openalex.org/W2072702059","https://openalex.org/W2073004948","https://openalex.org/W2073732659","https://openalex.org/W2080165082","https://openalex.org/W2090894746","https://openalex.org/W2096045964","https://openalex.org/W2102077823","https://openalex.org/W2124059098","https://openalex.org/W2129636357","https://openalex.org/W2131081255","https://openalex.org/W2136903812","https://openalex.org/W2137226992","https://openalex.org/W2139833307","https://openalex.org/W2141893885","https://openalex.org/W2148506461","https://openalex.org/W2153771889","https://openalex.org/W2161634631","https://openalex.org/W2264065105","https://openalex.org/W2314359380","https://openalex.org/W2462459635","https://openalex.org/W2534295610","https://openalex.org/W2588061367","https://openalex.org/W2756646273","https://openalex.org/W2901360802","https://openalex.org/W2914389667","https://openalex.org/W2949564390","https://openalex.org/W2968573992","https://openalex.org/W3009217644","https://openalex.org/W3128792537","https://openalex.org/W4233370650","https://openalex.org/W6603460400","https://openalex.org/W6631702464","https://openalex.org/W6634064261","https://openalex.org/W6680202767","https://openalex.org/W6680532697","https://openalex.org/W6681172395"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390608645","https://openalex.org/W4247566972","https://openalex.org/W4394895745","https://openalex.org/W2960264696","https://openalex.org/W3090563135","https://openalex.org/W2497432351","https://openalex.org/W4206777497","https://openalex.org/W2910064364","https://openalex.org/W4200136508","https://openalex.org/W228715501"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"years":[1],"have":[2],"witnessed":[3],"the":[4,36,64,68,108,124],"rapid":[5],"growth":[6],"of":[7,17,21,35,53],"mobile":[8],"virtual":[9],"network":[10],"operators":[11],"(MVNOs),":[12],"which":[13],"operate":[14],"on":[15,74],"top":[16],"existing":[18],"cellular":[19],"infrastructures":[20],"base":[22,37,69,87,109],"carriers,":[23],"while":[24],"offering":[25],"cheaper":[26],"or":[27],"more":[28],"flexible":[29],"data":[30,115,131,134],"plans":[31],"compared":[32],"to":[33,122,130],"those":[34],"carriers.":[38],"In":[39],"this":[40],"paper,":[41],"we":[42],"present":[43],"a":[44,75,85],"two-year":[45],"measurement":[46],"study":[47,72],"towards":[48],"understanding":[49],"various":[50],"fundamental":[51],"aspects":[52],"today's":[54],"MVNO":[55,78,97],"ecosystem,":[56],"including":[57],"its":[58],"architecture,":[59],"customers,":[60,82,98],"performance,":[61],"economics,":[62],"and":[63,103,119,140,152],"complex":[65],"interplay":[66],"with":[67,79,107,128],"carrier.":[70,88,110],"Our":[71,89,144],"focuses":[73],"large":[76],"commercial":[77,156],"one":[80],"million":[81],"operating":[83],"atop":[84],"nation-wide":[86],"measurements":[90],"clarify":[91],"several":[92],"key":[93,126],"concerns":[94,127],"raised":[95],"by":[96],"such":[99],"as":[100],"inaccurate":[101],"billing":[102,141],"potential":[104],"performance":[105],"discrimination":[106],"We":[111],"also":[112],"leverage":[113],"big":[114],"analytics,":[116],"statistical":[117],"modeling,":[118],"machine":[120],"learning":[121],"address":[123],"MVNO's":[125],"regard":[129],"usage":[132],"prediction,":[133],"plan":[135],"reselling,":[136],"customer":[137],"churn":[138],"mitigation,":[139],"delay":[142],"reduction.":[143],"proposed":[145],"techniques":[146],"can":[147],"help":[148],"achieve":[149],"higher":[150],"revenues":[151],"improved":[153],"services":[154],"for":[155],"MVNOs.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}