{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3007670609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2020.2969961","title":"REINFORCE: Achieving Efficient Failure Resiliency for Network Function Virtualization-Based Services","display_name":"REINFORCE: Achieving Efficient Failure Resiliency for Network Function Virtualization-Based Services","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3007670609","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2020.2969961","mag":"3007670609"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnet.2020.2969961","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2020.2969961","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62238642","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"1063-6692","issn":["1063-6692","1558-2566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/135703","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081037214","display_name":"Sameer G. Kulkarni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4727-6875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sameer G. Kulkarni","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at Riverside, Riverside, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4727-6875","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Riverside, Riverside, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065693468","display_name":"Guyue Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5103-3174"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guyue Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053712998","display_name":"K. K. Ramakrishnan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1849-5155"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. K. Ramakrishnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at Riverside, Riverside, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1849-5155","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Riverside, Riverside, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054961370","display_name":"Mayutan Arumaithurai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4206-0629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74656192","display_name":"University of G\u00f6ttingen","ror":"https://ror.org/01y9bpm73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74656192"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mayutan Arumaithurai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Informatik, University of G\u00f6ttingen, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Informatik, University of G\u00f6ttingen, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74656192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020963730","display_name":"Timothy Wood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6728-4197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193531525","display_name":"George Washington University","ror":"https://ror.org/00y4zzh67","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy Wood","raw_affiliation_strings":["The George Washington University, Washington, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6728-4197","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The George Washington University, Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193531525"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018318168","display_name":"Xiaoming Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8012-4753"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74656192","display_name":"University of G\u00f6ttingen","ror":"https://ror.org/01y9bpm73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74656192"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoming Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institut f\u00fcr Informatik, University of G\u00f6ttingen, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8012-4753","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institut f\u00fcr Informatik, University of G\u00f6ttingen, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74656192"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0911,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91717735,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"2","first_page":"695","last_page":"708"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/failover","display_name":"Failover","score":0.907504141330719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8130355477333069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.60652095079422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5846811532974243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.5672199130058289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4673481583595276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.4640357494354248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.4623943567276001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spare-part","display_name":"Spare part","score":0.4588056802749634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/correctness","display_name":"Correctness","score":0.443651020526886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-availability","display_name":"High availability","score":0.41220754384994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2551948130130768}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109751979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q998767","display_name":"Failover","level":2,"score":0.907504141330719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8130355477333069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.60652095079422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5846811532974243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.5672199130058289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4673481583595276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4640357494354248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.4623943567276001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194648553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364774","display_name":"Spare part","level":2,"score":0.4588056802749634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.443651020526886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65813073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1622420","display_name":"High availability","level":2,"score":0.41220754384994507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2551948130130768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnet.2020.2969961","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2020.2969961","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62238642","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"1063-6692","issn":["1063-6692","1558-2566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.goettingen-research-online.de:2/135703","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/135703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401634","display_name":"GoeScholar  The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen (Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210122495","host_organization_name":"Asklepios Klinik St. Georg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122495"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.goettingen-research-online.de:2/76039","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/76039","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401634","display_name":"GoeScholar  The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen (Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210122495","host_organization_name":"Asklepios Klinik St. Georg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122495"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.goettingen-research-online.de:2/135703","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gro-2/135703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401634","display_name":"GoeScholar  The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen (Georg-August-Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210122495","host_organization_name":"Asklepios Klinik St. Georg","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122495"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1748641241","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1422362","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2776817067","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CRI-1823236","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6392699063","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CRI-1823270","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7620713641","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"607584","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320367","funder_display_name":"Cleansky"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7784420406","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"W911NF-15-1-0508","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332447","funder_display_name":"U.S. Army"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8196690131","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1763929","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320367","display_name":"Cleansky","ror":"https://ror.org/03nv0z257"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332447","display_name":"U.S. Army","ror":"https://ror.org/00afsp483"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W223955670","https://openalex.org/W1435010830","https://openalex.org/W1604234259","https://openalex.org/W1979866793","https://openalex.org/W2019821286","https://openalex.org/W2030438500","https://openalex.org/W2058535975","https://openalex.org/W2095593431","https://openalex.org/W2109404835","https://openalex.org/W2123372830","https://openalex.org/W2126969025","https://openalex.org/W2134939854","https://openalex.org/W2148177824","https://openalex.org/W2243203026","https://openalex.org/W2289495142","https://openalex.org/W2303936851","https://openalex.org/W2334220851","https://openalex.org/W2347800168","https://openalex.org/W2398337226","https://openalex.org/W2465005408","https://openalex.org/W2499399377","https://openalex.org/W2523146812","https://openalex.org/W2604403546","https://openalex.org/W2798657600","https://openalex.org/W2798660917","https://openalex.org/W2810006281","https://openalex.org/W2897965572","https://openalex.org/W2903165630","https://openalex.org/W3102982213","https://openalex.org/W3160434771","https://openalex.org/W4238493245","https://openalex.org/W4247286944","https://openalex.org/W4248429016","https://openalex.org/W4297669678","https://openalex.org/W6608795393","https://openalex.org/W6628561984","https://openalex.org/W6636118494","https://openalex.org/W6698141899","https://openalex.org/W6702795250","https://openalex.org/W6705298760","https://openalex.org/W6712935044","https://openalex.org/W6736076345","https://openalex.org/W6750631653","https://openalex.org/W6750757116","https://openalex.org/W6756357911"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2104396300","https://openalex.org/W2355796088","https://openalex.org/W1912778743","https://openalex.org/W2391167130","https://openalex.org/W2092071486","https://openalex.org/W4283067488","https://openalex.org/W2560169266","https://openalex.org/W2030658553","https://openalex.org/W2131630752","https://openalex.org/W2041056318"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ensuring":[0],"high":[1],"availability":[2],"(HA)":[3],"for":[4,28,40,63],"software-based":[5,18],"networks":[6],"is":[7,26],"a":[8,129,147],"critical":[9,44],"design":[10],"feature":[11],"that":[12],"will":[13],"help":[14],"the":[15,43,90,97,161],"adoption":[16],"of":[17,92,99,150],"network":[19],"functions":[20],"(NFs)":[21],"in":[22,49,128,164],"production":[23],"networks.":[24],"It":[25,88],"important":[27],"NFs":[29,41,81],"to":[30,59,79,108],"avoid":[31],"outages":[32],"and":[33,72,83,102,106,139,175],"maintain":[34],"mission-critical":[35],"operations.":[36],"However,":[37],"HA":[38],"support":[39,60],"on":[42],"data":[45],"path":[46],"can":[47],"result":[48],"unacceptable":[50],"performance":[51,137,173],"degradation.":[52],"We":[53],"present":[54],"REINFORCE,":[55],"an":[56],"integrated":[57],"framework":[58],"efficient":[61],"resiliency":[62],"NF":[64],"service":[65],"chains.":[66],"REINFORCE":[67,76,122,154],"includes":[68],"timely":[69],"failure":[70],"detection":[71],"consistent":[73],"failover":[74,125],"mechanisms.":[75],"replicates":[77],"state":[78,93],"standby":[80],"(local":[82],"remote)":[84],"while":[85],"enforcing":[86],"correctness.":[87],"minimizes":[89],"number":[91],"transfers":[94],"by":[95],"exploiting":[96],"concept":[98],"external":[100],"synchrony,":[101],"leverages":[103],"opportunistic":[104],"batching":[105],"multi-buffering":[107],"optimize":[109],"performance.":[110],"Experimental":[111],"results":[112],"show":[113],"that,":[114],"even":[115],"at":[116],"line-rate":[117],"packet":[118],"processing":[119],"(10":[120],"Gbps),":[121],"achieves":[123],"chain-level":[124],"across":[126],"servers":[127],"LAN":[130],"within":[131,160],"10ms,":[132],"incurring":[133,169],"less":[134,151,165,170,177],"than":[135,152,166,171,178],"10%":[136],"overhead,":[138],"adds":[140,176],"average":[141],"latency":[142,149,181],"only":[143],"~400":[144],"\u03bcs,":[145,168],"with":[146],"worst-case":[148],"1ms.":[153],"also":[155],"recovers":[156],"from":[157],"software":[158],"failures":[159],"same":[162],"node":[163],"100":[167],"1%":[172],"overhead":[174],"5":[179],"\u03bcs":[180],"during":[182],"normal":[183],"operation.":[184]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}