{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2899670782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2018.2874896","title":"Delving Into Internet DDoS Attacks by Botnets: Characterization and Analysis","display_name":"Delving Into Internet DDoS Attacks by Botnets: Characterization and Analysis","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2899670782","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2018.2874896","mag":"2899670782"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnet.2018.2874896","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2018.2874896","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62238642","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"1063-6692","issn":["1063-6692","1558-2566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://stars.library.ucf.edu/scopus2015/9308","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100419959","display_name":"An Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1701-9176"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"An Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089354880","display_name":"Wentao Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2209-0505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1291425158","display_name":"Google (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00njsd438","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210128969"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099336","display_name":"Menlo School","ror":"https://ror.org/01240pn49","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wentao Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Google, Menlo Park, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2209-0505","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Google, Menlo Park, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1291425158","https://openalex.org/I4210099336"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065505890","display_name":"Songqing Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4650-7125"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Songqing Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4650-7125","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077402873","display_name":"Aziz Mohaisen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3227-2505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106165777","display_name":"University of Central Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/036nfer12","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aziz Mohaisen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3227-2505","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106165777"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.5357,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":112,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97240552,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"6","first_page":"2843","last_page":"2855"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botnet","display_name":"Botnet","score":0.9759276509284973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.8720896244049072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7290613055229187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.6900960803031921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trinoo","display_name":"Trinoo","score":0.6555250883102417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6281731128692627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-layer-ddos-attack","display_name":"Application layer DDoS attack","score":0.5879537463188171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geolocation","display_name":"Geolocation","score":0.4432525634765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy","display_name":"Internet privacy","score":0.32510194182395935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.173823744058609}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22735295","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317671","display_name":"Botnet","level":3,"score":0.9759276509284973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.8720896244049072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7290613055229187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.6900960803031921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43639116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7843050","display_name":"Trinoo","level":5,"score":0.6555250883102417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6281731128692627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120865594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Application layer DDoS attack","level":4,"score":0.5879537463188171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22041718","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638949","display_name":"Geolocation","level":2,"score":0.4432525634765625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.32510194182395935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.173823744058609}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnet.2018.2874896","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2018.2874896","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62238642","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"1063-6692","issn":["1063-6692","1558-2566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:stars.library.ucf.edu:scopus2015-10307","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://stars.library.ucf.edu/scopus2015/9308","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172555","display_name":"Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research","issn_l":"2576-0017","issn":["2576-0017","2576-0025"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scopus Export 2015-2019","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:stars.library.ucf.edu:scopus2015-10307","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://stars.library.ucf.edu/scopus2015/9308","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172555","display_name":"Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research","issn_l":"2576-0017","issn":["2576-0017","2576-0025"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Scopus Export 2015-2019","raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6800000071525574,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G283104698","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1524462","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G503663301","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1809000","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7207199162","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2016K1A1A2912757","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W59037818","https://openalex.org/W94487276","https://openalex.org/W284347760","https://openalex.org/W1425914613","https://openalex.org/W1520068592","https://openalex.org/W1546137167","https://openalex.org/W1572857353","https://openalex.org/W1573745704","https://openalex.org/W1971246165","https://openalex.org/W1989454965","https://openalex.org/W1989545529","https://openalex.org/W2000497232","https://openalex.org/W2004876093","https://openalex.org/W2008066750","https://openalex.org/W2010787569","https://openalex.org/W2018026534","https://openalex.org/W2018992824","https://openalex.org/W2031801461","https://openalex.org/W2059383234","https://openalex.org/W2061133001","https://openalex.org/W2063104870","https://openalex.org/W2068803497","https://openalex.org/W2071231410","https://openalex.org/W2075986968","https://openalex.org/W2081357650","https://openalex.org/W2082550445","https://openalex.org/W2084611853","https://openalex.org/W2086365620","https://openalex.org/W2091614396","https://openalex.org/W2103397552","https://openalex.org/W2104692292","https://openalex.org/W2117014758","https://openalex.org/W2118878434","https://openalex.org/W2125513999","https://openalex.org/W2130598205","https://openalex.org/W2143918801","https://openalex.org/W2146189323","https://openalex.org/W2154337851","https://openalex.org/W2155883880","https://openalex.org/W2157366001","https://openalex.org/W2158060559","https://openalex.org/W2158673492","https://openalex.org/W2162133150","https://openalex.org/W2165184405","https://openalex.org/W2170810185","https://openalex.org/W2170852315","https://openalex.org/W2319607193","https://openalex.org/W2464432954","https://openalex.org/W2465314304","https://openalex.org/W2505895234","https://openalex.org/W2506362697","https://openalex.org/W2573541888","https://openalex.org/W2734933739","https://openalex.org/W2743402300","https://openalex.org/W2753652472","https://openalex.org/W2768883253","https://openalex.org/W2790247732","https://openalex.org/W6603845587","https://openalex.org/W6610362903","https://openalex.org/W6628502034","https://openalex.org/W6719105664","https://openalex.org/W6719778201"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2783466926","https://openalex.org/W4286539397","https://openalex.org/W1968168724","https://openalex.org/W2204131204","https://openalex.org/W2754163055","https://openalex.org/W2001331025","https://openalex.org/W4322008378","https://openalex.org/W2383770723","https://openalex.org/W2186749541","https://openalex.org/W2292210693"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Internet":[0,70,113,214],"distributed":[1],"denial":[2],"of":[3,19,42,94,127,140,163,172,212],"service":[4],"(DDoS)":[5],"attacks":[6,32,72,80,142,154,176,193,216],"are":[7,45],"prevalent":[8],"but":[9],"hard":[10],"to":[11,16,99,155,190,205],"defend":[12],"against,":[13],"partially":[14],"due":[15],"the":[17,20,29,124,128,150,156,173,195,206,210],"volatility":[18],"attacking":[21,129],"methods":[22],"and":[23,181,217],"patterns":[24,162],"used":[25],"by":[26,83],"attackers.":[27],"Understanding":[28],"latest":[30],"DDoS":[31,71,114,192,215],"can":[33],"provide":[34],"new":[35,219,223],"insights":[36,220],"for":[37,143,187,221],"effective":[38],"defense.":[39],"But":[40],"most":[41,144],"existing":[43,207],"understandings":[44],"based":[46,65],"on":[47,66,209],"indirect":[48],"traffic":[49,54],"measures":[50],"(e.g.,":[51],"backscatters)":[52],"or":[53,199],"seen":[55],"locally.":[56],"In":[57],"this":[58],"paper,":[59],"we":[60],"present":[61],"an":[62],"in-depth":[63],"analysis":[64,106,121],"50":[67],"704":[68],"different":[69,88,188,227],"directly":[73],"observed":[74],"in":[75,102,200],"a":[76,92,185],"seven-month":[77],"period.":[78],"These":[79,202],"were":[81],"launched":[82],"674":[84],"botnets":[85,189],"from":[86,149,177],"23":[87],"botnet":[89,146,179],"families":[90],"with":[91],"total":[93],"9026":[95],"victim":[96],"IPs":[97],"belonging":[98],"1074":[100],"organizations":[101],"186":[103],"countries.":[104],"Our":[105],"reveals":[107],"several":[108],"interesting":[109],"findings":[110,203],"about":[111],"today's":[112,213],"attacks.":[115],"Some":[116],"highlights":[117],"include:":[118],"1)":[119],"geolocation":[120],"shows":[122],"that":[123],"geospatial":[125],"distribution":[126],"sources":[130],"follows":[131],"certain":[132,178],"patterns,":[133],"which":[134],"enables":[135],"very":[136],"accurate":[137,168],"source":[138],"prediction":[139,171],"future":[141],"active":[145],"families;":[147,180],"2)":[148],"target":[151,158],"perspective,":[152],"multiple":[153],"same":[157,196],"also":[159],"exhibit":[160],"strong":[161],"inter-attack":[164],"time":[165,170],"interval,":[166],"allowing":[167],"start":[169],"next":[174],"anticipated":[175],"3)":[182],"there":[183],"is":[184],"trend":[186],"launch":[191],"targeting":[194],"victim,":[197],"simultaneously":[198],"turn.":[201],"add":[204],"literature":[208],"understanding":[211],"offer":[218],"designing":[222],"defense":[224],"schemes":[225],"at":[226],"levels.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-21T08:15:58.654021","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
