{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2044549522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2012.2191571","title":"The Effectiveness of Opportunistic Spectrum Access: A Measurement Study","display_name":"The Effectiveness of Opportunistic Spectrum Access: A Measurement Study","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-04-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2044549522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2012.2191571","mag":"2044549522"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnet.2012.2191571","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2012.2191571","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62238642","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"1063-6692","issn":["1063-6692","1558-2566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051625120","display_name":"Vinod Kone","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113979032","display_name":"Twitter (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04wt43v05","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113979032"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Vinod Kone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Runtime SystemsGroup, Twitter, San Francisco, CA, USA","Runtime Systems Group, Twitter, San Francisco, CA and Department of Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Runtime SystemsGroup, Twitter, San Francisco, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113979032"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Runtime Systems Group, Twitter, San Francisco, CA and Department of Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102813279","display_name":"Lei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3284-4019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wireless CommunicationsLab, Intel Labs, Hillsboro, OR, USA","Wireless Communications Lab, Intel Labs, Hillsboro, OR and Department of Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless CommunicationsLab, Intel Labs, Hillsboro, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless Communications Lab, Intel Labs, Hillsboro, OR and Department of Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101685668","display_name":"Xue Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3382-0653"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xue Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wireless CommunicationsLab, Intel Labs, Hillsboro, OR, USA","Intel Labs, Hillsboro, OR#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wireless CommunicationsLab, Intel Labs, Hillsboro, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Labs, Hillsboro, OR#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108248360","display_name":"Ben Y. Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8909-0494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ben Y. Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","Dept. of Computer Science, Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, CA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022672030","display_name":"Hai-Tao Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5128-5649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haitao Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","Dept. of Computer Science, Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, CA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Computer Science, Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, CA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051625120"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113979032","https://openalex.org/I154570441"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.9643,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95471822,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"6","first_page":"2005","last_page":"2016"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13553","display_name":"Age of Information Optimization","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7716721296310425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usable","display_name":"USable","score":0.7711800932884216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-radio","display_name":"Cognitive radio","score":0.6393442749977112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.6231381297111511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.564878523349762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrum-management","display_name":"Spectrum management","score":0.5447729825973511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.5425376296043396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth-allocation","display_name":"Bandwidth allocation","score":0.5024209022521973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-spectrum","display_name":"Radio spectrum","score":0.49057358503341675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.4642077088356018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrum","display_name":"Spectrum (functional analysis)","score":0.46199631690979004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4487239718437195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-allocation","display_name":"Frequency allocation","score":0.4436103105545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-technology","display_name":"Access technology","score":0.441798597574234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spread-spectrum","display_name":"Spread spectrum","score":0.41781166195869446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-division-multiple-access","display_name":"Code division multiple access","score":0.16500186920166016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.09187200665473938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.0796431303024292}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7716721296310425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780615836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2471869","display_name":"USable","level":2,"score":0.7711800932884216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.6393442749977112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6231381297111511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.564878523349762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63029442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504978","display_name":"Spectrum management","level":4,"score":0.5447729825973511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.5425376296043396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200157131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4854763","display_name":"Bandwidth allocation","level":3,"score":0.5024209022521973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92545706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902174","display_name":"Radio spectrum","level":2,"score":0.49057358503341675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.4642077088356018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156778621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1365748","display_name":"Spectrum (functional analysis)","level":2,"score":0.46199631690979004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4487239718437195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134579502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455619","display_name":"Frequency allocation","level":2,"score":0.4436103105545044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983646967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q688498","display_name":"Access technology","level":3,"score":0.441798597574234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105344744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q958957","display_name":"Spread spectrum","level":3,"score":0.41781166195869446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47696715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233394","display_name":"Code division multiple access","level":2,"score":0.16500186920166016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.09187200665473938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0796431303024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnet.2012.2191571","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2012.2191571","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62238642","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"1063-6692","issn":["1063-6692","1558-2566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W66471175","https://openalex.org/W1588424217","https://openalex.org/W1969280328","https://openalex.org/W1979184734","https://openalex.org/W1979593580","https://openalex.org/W1987300417","https://openalex.org/W2016642397","https://openalex.org/W2030112820","https://openalex.org/W2031211320","https://openalex.org/W2066873261","https://openalex.org/W2123615116","https://openalex.org/W2123673584","https://openalex.org/W2123902546","https://openalex.org/W2126535436","https://openalex.org/W2140656373","https://openalex.org/W2142764821","https://openalex.org/W2142819538","https://openalex.org/W2144369278","https://openalex.org/W2150957281","https://openalex.org/W2152523565","https://openalex.org/W2164091192","https://openalex.org/W2164701487","https://openalex.org/W2169427485","https://openalex.org/W2170991283","https://openalex.org/W2483430316","https://openalex.org/W2532161418","https://openalex.org/W6602637922","https://openalex.org/W6722243183"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2483502620","https://openalex.org/W4249464527","https://openalex.org/W2506806949","https://openalex.org/W3049580221","https://openalex.org/W3015335224","https://openalex.org/W4387533357","https://openalex.org/W2158744544","https://openalex.org/W2606277305","https://openalex.org/W2989892865","https://openalex.org/W2774397871"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Dynamic":[0],"spectrum":[1,14,35,44,62,77,98,101,107,130,155,179,219,251],"access":[2,102,182,194,202],"networks":[3],"are":[4],"designed":[5],"to":[6,12,16,42,81,114,184],"allow":[7],"today's":[8],"bandwidth-hungry":[9],"\u201csecondary":[10],"devices\u201d":[11],"share":[13],"allocated":[15],"legacy":[17],"devices,":[18],"or":[19],"\u201cprimary":[20],"users.\u201d":[21],"The":[22],"success":[23],"of":[24,33,39,48,75,96,127,154,169,200,211,250,265],"this":[25,85,167],"wireless":[26],"communication":[27],"model":[28],"relies":[29],"on":[30,93,151],"the":[31,37,89,94,141,212],"availability":[32,252],"unused":[34],"and":[36,104,143,159,196,255],"ability":[38],"secondary":[40,69,112,173,226],"devices":[41,70,113,174,227],"utilize":[43,176],"without":[45],"disrupting":[46],"transmissions":[47],"primary":[49,82,188],"users.":[50,83,189],"While":[51],"recent":[52],"measurement":[53],"studies":[54],"have":[55],"shown":[56],"that":[57,150,245,256],"there":[58,246],"is":[59,65,156,161,247],"sufficient":[60,106],"underutilized":[61],"available,":[63],"little":[64,178,248],"known":[66],"about":[67],"whether":[68,105],"can":[71,108,175,206,261],"efficiently":[72],"make":[73],"use":[74,120],"available":[76,214],"while":[78],"minimizing":[79],"disruptions":[80],"In":[84],"paper,":[86],"we":[87,221,243],"present":[88],"first":[90],"comprehensive":[91],"study":[92,123,148],"presence":[95],"\u201cusable\u201d":[97],"in":[99,139,166],"opportunistic":[100],"systems,":[103],"be":[109],"extracted":[110],"by":[111,231],"support":[115],"traditional":[116],"networking":[117],"applications.":[118],"We":[119],"for":[121],"our":[122,241],"fine-grain":[124],"usage":[125],"traces":[126],"a":[128,204],"wide":[129],"range":[131],"(20":[132],"MHz\u20136":[133],"GHz)":[134],"taken":[135],"at":[136],"four":[137],"locations":[138],"Germany,":[140],"Netherlands,":[142],"Santa":[144],"Barbara,":[145],"CA.":[146],"Our":[147],"shows":[149],"average,":[152],"54%":[153],"never":[157],"used":[158,171],"26%":[160,168],"only":[162,207,269],"partially":[163,170],"used.":[164],"Surprisingly,":[165],"spectrum,":[172],"very":[177],"using":[180],"conservative":[181],"policies":[183],"minimize":[185],"interference":[186],"with":[187,268],"Even":[190],"assuming":[191],"an":[192],"optimal":[193],"scheme":[195],"extensive":[197],"statistical":[198],"knowledge":[199],"primary-user":[201],"patterns,":[203],"user":[205],"extract":[208],"between":[209],"20%\u201330%":[210],"total":[213],"spectrum.":[215],"To":[216],"provide":[217,262],"better":[218],"availability,":[220],"propose":[222],"frequency":[223,238],"bundling,":[224],"where":[225],"build":[228],"reliable":[229,266],"channels":[230,259],"combining":[232],"multiple":[233],"unreliable":[234],"frequencies":[235],"into":[236],"virtual":[237],"bundles.":[239],"Analyzing":[240],"traces,":[242],"find":[244],"correlation":[249],"across":[253],"channels,":[254],"bundling":[257],"random":[258],"together":[260],"sustained":[263],"periods":[264],"transmission":[267],"short":[270],"interruptions.":[271]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}