{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1990362386","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2012.2188815","title":"The Little Engine(s) That Could: Scaling Online Social Networks","display_name":"The Little Engine(s) That Could: Scaling Online Social Networks","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-03-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1990362386","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2012.2188815","mag":"1990362386"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnet.2012.2188815","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2012.2188815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62238642","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"1063-6692","issn":["1063-6692","1558-2566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077591903","display_name":"Josep M. Pujol","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134591","display_name":"Telefonica Research and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/03qgzzb04","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097190","https://openalex.org/I4210134591"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Josep M. Pujol","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telefonica Research and Development, Barcelona, Spain","3scale, Barcelona, Spain and Telefonica Research, Barcelona, Spain#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telefonica Research and Development, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134591"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"3scale, Barcelona, Spain and Telefonica Research, Barcelona, Spain#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134591"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048176132","display_name":"Vijay Erramilli","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097190","display_name":"Telef\u00f3nica (Spain)","ror":"https://ror.org/012f7tj07","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097190"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134591","display_name":"Telefonica Research and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/03qgzzb04","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097190","https://openalex.org/I4210134591"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vijay Erramilli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telefonica Research and Development, Barcelona, Spain","Internet Research, Telefonica Research, Barcelona, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telefonica Research and Development, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134591"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Internet Research, Telefonica Research, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097190"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111923692","display_name":"Georgos Siganos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134591","display_name":"Telefonica Research and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/03qgzzb04","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097190","https://openalex.org/I4210134591"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgos Siganos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telefonica Research and Development, Barcelona, Spain","Research, Telefonica Research, Barcelona, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telefonica Research and Development, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134591"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research, Telefonica Research, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134591"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050934064","display_name":"Xiaoyuan Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4095-3837"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134591","display_name":"Telefonica Research and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/03qgzzb04","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097190","https://openalex.org/I4210134591"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyuan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telefonica Research and Development, Barcelona, Spain","Telefonica Research; Barcelona, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telefonica Research and Development, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134591"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telefonica Research; Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134591"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010172378","display_name":"Nikolaos Laoutaris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7361-106X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097190","display_name":"Telef\u00f3nica (Spain)","ror":"https://ror.org/012f7tj07","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097190"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134591","display_name":"Telefonica Research and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/03qgzzb04","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097190","https://openalex.org/I4210134591"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nikolaos Laoutaris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telefonica Research and Development, Barcelona, Spain","Internet Research, Telefonica Research, Barcelona, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telefonica Research and Development, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134591"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Internet Research, Telefonica Research, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097190"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111391874","display_name":"Parminder Chhabra","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097190","display_name":"Telef\u00f3nica (Spain)","ror":"https://ror.org/012f7tj07","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097190"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134591","display_name":"Telefonica Research and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/03qgzzb04","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097190","https://openalex.org/I4210134591"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parminder Chhabra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telefonica Research and Development, Barcelona, Spain","Internet Research, Telefonica Research, Barcelona, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telefonica Research and Development, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134591"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Internet Research, Telefonica Research, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097190"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028642367","display_name":"Pablo Rodr\u00edguez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7534-0884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134591","display_name":"Telefonica Research and Development","ror":"https://ror.org/03qgzzb04","country_code":"ES","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097190","https://openalex.org/I4210134591"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pablo Rodriguez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Telefonica Research and Development, Barcelona, Spain","Research, Telefonica Research, Barcelona, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Telefonica Research and Development, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134591"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research, Telefonica Research, Barcelona, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134591"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077591903"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134591"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.5483,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":63,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98711811,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"4","first_page":"1162","last_page":"1175"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8869251608848572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.7654856443405151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.5376969575881958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.5340717434883118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.46656835079193115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.45028313994407654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-balancing","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","score":0.4448009729385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3463730812072754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.2644162178039551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.25401929020881653}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8869251608848572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.7654856443405151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.5376969575881958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.5340717434883118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.46656835079193115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.45028313994407654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138959212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806783","display_name":"Load balancing (electrical power)","level":3,"score":0.4448009729385376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3463730812072754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.2644162178039551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.25401929020881653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnet.2012.2188815","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2012.2188815","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62238642","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"1063-6692","issn":["1063-6692","1558-2566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.422.2814","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.422.2814","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://conferences.sigcomm.org/sigcomm/2010/papers/sigcomm/p375.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1525865893","https://openalex.org/W1602193077","https://openalex.org/W1797019445","https://openalex.org/W2000159446","https://openalex.org/W2011039300","https://openalex.org/W2056278891","https://openalex.org/W2067403633","https://openalex.org/W2070232376","https://openalex.org/W2088844265","https://openalex.org/W2098993874","https://openalex.org/W2101196063","https://openalex.org/W2108614537","https://openalex.org/W2111586962","https://openalex.org/W2115022330","https://openalex.org/W2116142433","https://openalex.org/W2117260615","https://openalex.org/W2117410972","https://openalex.org/W2121133177","https://openalex.org/W2129027842","https://openalex.org/W2131629857","https://openalex.org/W2131681506","https://openalex.org/W2146591355","https://openalex.org/W2151936673","https://openalex.org/W2153204928","https://openalex.org/W2153704625","https://openalex.org/W2998685964","https://openalex.org/W3099768174","https://openalex.org/W4254263397","https://openalex.org/W6631563883"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2092530219","https://openalex.org/W2388464034","https://openalex.org/W2533125852","https://openalex.org/W2140460949","https://openalex.org/W2105580438","https://openalex.org/W2057435755","https://openalex.org/W2018782216","https://openalex.org/W2949620858","https://openalex.org/W2072332896","https://openalex.org/W2166734474"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,122],"difficulty":[1],"of":[2,14,91,165,208],"partitioning":[3,34],"social":[4,16,98],"graphs":[5],"has":[6],"introduced":[7],"new":[8],"system":[9,172],"design":[10],"challenges":[11,55],"for":[12,42,62,109,139],"scaling":[13,20],"online":[15],"networks":[17],"(OSNs).":[18],"Vertical":[19],"by":[21,33,146],"resorting":[22],"to":[23,103],"full":[24],"replication":[25,107],"can":[26,48,130,195],"be":[27],"a":[28,75,140,163,170,185,197,206,218],"costly":[29,59],"proposition.":[30],"Scaling":[31],"horizontally":[32],"and":[35,67,72,78,87,153,157,182,184,212],"distributing":[36],"data":[37,116],"among":[38],"multiple":[39],"servers":[40],"using,":[41],"e.g.,":[43],"distributed":[44],"hash":[45],"tables":[46],"(DHTs),":[47],"suffer":[49],"from":[50,124,179],"expensive":[51],"interserver":[52],"communication.":[53],"Such":[54],"have":[56,113],"often":[57],"caused":[58],"rearchitecting":[60],"efforts":[61],"popular":[63,219],"OSNs":[64],"like":[65],"Twitter":[66,199],"Facebook.":[68],"We":[69,168,188],"design,":[70,173],"implement,":[71],"evaluate":[73],"SPAR,":[74],"Social":[76],"Partitioning":[77],"Replication":[79],"middleware":[80],"that":[81,111,190],"mediates":[82],"transparently":[83],"between":[84],"the":[85,88,96,105,119,166],"application":[86,210],"database":[89],"layer":[90],"an":[92],"OSN.":[93],"SPAR":[94,191],"leverages":[95],"underlying":[97],"graph":[99],"structure":[100],"in":[101,118],"order":[102],"minimize":[104],"required":[106],"overhead":[108],"ensuring":[110],"users":[112],"their":[114],"neighbors'":[115],"colocated":[117],"same":[120],"machine.":[121],"gains":[123],"this":[125],"are":[126],"multifold:":[127],"Application":[128],"developers":[129],"assume":[131],"local":[132],"semantics,":[133],"i.e.,":[134],"develop":[135],"as":[136],"they":[137],"would":[138],"single":[141],"machine;":[142],"scalability":[143],"is":[144,160],"achieved":[145,161],"adding":[147],"commodity":[148],"machines":[149],"with":[150],"low":[151],"memory":[152],"network":[154],"I/O":[155],"requirements;":[156],"N+K":[158],"redundancy":[159],"at":[162],"fraction":[164],"cost.":[167],"provide":[169],"complete":[171],"extensive":[174],"evaluation":[175],"based":[176],"on":[177],"datasets":[178],"Twitter,":[180],"Orkut,":[181],"Facebook,":[183],"working":[186],"implementation.":[187],"show":[189],"incurs":[192],"minimum":[193],"overhead,":[194],"help":[196],"well-known":[198],"clone":[200],"reach":[201],"Twitter's":[202],"scale":[203],"without":[204],"changing":[205],"line":[207],"its":[209],"logic,":[211],"achieves":[213],"higher":[214],"throughput":[215],"than":[216],"Cassandra,":[217],"key-value":[220],"store":[221],"database.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
