{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2044103179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2011.2158656","title":"Tracking Low-Precision Clocks With Time-Varying Drifts Using Kalman Filtering","display_name":"Tracking Low-Precision Clocks With Time-Varying Drifts Using Kalman Filtering","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-06-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2044103179","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2011.2158656","mag":"2044103179"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnet.2011.2158656","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2011.2158656","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62238642","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"1063-6692","issn":["1063-6692","1558-2566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017002557","display_name":"Hayang Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3823-967X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hayang Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","Sch. of Electr. & Comput. Eng.,, Georgia Inst. of Technol., Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Electr. & Comput. Eng.,, Georgia Inst. of Technol., Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001706958","display_name":"Xiaoli Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3076-2589"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoli Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","Sch. of Electr. & Comput. Eng.,, Georgia Inst. of Technol., Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Electr. & Comput. Eng.,, Georgia Inst. of Technol., Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017490849","display_name":"Benjamin R. Hamilton","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin Russell Hamilton","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","Sch. of Electr. & Comput. Eng.,, Georgia Inst. of Technol., Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Electr. & Comput. Eng.,, Georgia Inst. of Technol., Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.9354,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":68,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93585366,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"1","first_page":"257","last_page":"270"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12004","display_name":"Advanced Frequency and Time Standards","score":0.9706000089645386,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.964900016784668,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-synchronization","display_name":"Clock synchronization","score":0.8285784125328064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-clock-manager","display_name":"Digital clock manager","score":0.8253730535507202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-skew","display_name":"Clock skew","score":0.8237649202346802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7988313436508179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-drift","display_name":"Clock drift","score":0.7973332405090332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/timing-failure","display_name":"Timing failure","score":0.7183088660240173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.6570814847946167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offset","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","score":0.6099101901054382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.5899180173873901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.559266984462738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skew","display_name":"Skew","score":0.5416643023490906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-domain-crossing","display_name":"Clock domain crossing","score":0.5320618748664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranging","display_name":"Ranging","score":0.47541242837905884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vector-clock","display_name":"Vector clock","score":0.4315694570541382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clock-signal","display_name":"Clock signal","score":0.1412820816040039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jitter","display_name":"Jitter","score":0.1339290738105774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronous-circuit","display_name":"Synchronous circuit","score":0.12930229306221008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.08788466453552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.0761137306690216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.067341148853302}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129891060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513059","display_name":"Clock synchronization","level":4,"score":0.8285784125328064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113074038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5276052","display_name":"Digital clock manager","level":5,"score":0.8253730535507202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60501442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4382014","display_name":"Clock skew","level":4,"score":0.8237649202346802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7988313436508179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155837451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069144","display_name":"Clock drift","level":5,"score":0.7973332405090332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104654189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7806740","display_name":"Timing failure","level":5,"score":0.7183088660240173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.6570814847946167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6099101901054382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.5899180173873901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.559266984462738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43711488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534783","display_name":"Skew","level":2,"score":0.5416643023490906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127204226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5134799","display_name":"Clock domain crossing","level":5,"score":0.5320618748664856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.47541242837905884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52563298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413349","display_name":"Vector clock","level":5,"score":0.4315694570541382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137059387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q426882","display_name":"Clock signal","level":3,"score":0.1412820816040039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134652429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052698","display_name":"Jitter","level":2,"score":0.1339290738105774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42196554","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1186179","display_name":"Synchronous circuit","level":4,"score":0.12930229306221008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08788466453552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0761137306690216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.067341148853302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tnet.2011.2158656","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tnet.2011.2158656","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62238642","display_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","issn_l":"1063-6692","issn":["1063-6692","1558-2566"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W250076511","https://openalex.org/W1514443597","https://openalex.org/W1673593429","https://openalex.org/W1814500939","https://openalex.org/W1965392255","https://openalex.org/W1967446311","https://openalex.org/W1993506505","https://openalex.org/W1995363530","https://openalex.org/W2003321974","https://openalex.org/W2018093989","https://openalex.org/W2024045435","https://openalex.org/W2029027380","https://openalex.org/W2033493106","https://openalex.org/W2048300805","https://openalex.org/W2056636001","https://openalex.org/W2082921843","https://openalex.org/W2085922198","https://openalex.org/W2091483166","https://openalex.org/W2094636498","https://openalex.org/W2097388262","https://openalex.org/W2101764391","https://openalex.org/W2102098892","https://openalex.org/W2104595369","https://openalex.org/W2105666891","https://openalex.org/W2106261559","https://openalex.org/W2115276322","https://openalex.org/W2117013146","https://openalex.org/W2121255383","https://openalex.org/W2122690764","https://openalex.org/W2123451947","https://openalex.org/W2131431033","https://openalex.org/W2133128142","https://openalex.org/W2135046866","https://openalex.org/W2143229717","https://openalex.org/W2147879203","https://openalex.org/W2158305431","https://openalex.org/W2162218601","https://openalex.org/W2170715240","https://openalex.org/W2170971335","https://openalex.org/W2293322640","https://openalex.org/W2746505796","https://openalex.org/W2987333292","https://openalex.org/W3015238834","https://openalex.org/W3098745759","https://openalex.org/W4243554987","https://openalex.org/W4248484754","https://openalex.org/W6678255812","https://openalex.org/W6684049374"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2787237207","https://openalex.org/W2292909929","https://openalex.org/W1497331638","https://openalex.org/W4231008241","https://openalex.org/W2163637408","https://openalex.org/W2125201667","https://openalex.org/W2411759562","https://openalex.org/W3150661190","https://openalex.org/W3006909842","https://openalex.org/W2083095101"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Clock":[0],"synchronization":[1,52,102],"is":[2],"essential":[3],"for":[4,77],"a":[5,74],"large":[6],"number":[7],"of":[8,122],"applications":[9],"ranging":[10],"from":[11],"performance":[12,120],"measurements":[13],"in":[14,20,42,54],"wired":[15],"networks":[16,55],"to":[17,28,86,99,110],"data":[18],"fusion":[19],"sensor":[21],"networks.":[22],"Existing":[23],"techniques":[24],"are":[25],"either":[26],"limited":[27],"undesirable":[29],"accuracy":[30],"or":[31,62],"rely":[32],"on":[33,96],"specific":[34],"hardware":[35],"characteristics":[36],"that":[37],"may":[38],"not":[39],"be":[40],"available":[41],"certain":[43],"applications.":[44],"In":[45],"this":[46,97],"paper,":[47],"we":[48],"examine":[49],"the":[50,59,107,112,119],"clock":[51,78,88,113,130],"problem":[53],"where":[56],"nodes":[57],"lack":[58],"high-accuracy":[60],"oscillators":[61],"programmable":[63],"network":[64],"interfaces":[65],"some":[66],"previous":[67],"protocols":[68],"depend":[69],"on.":[70],"This":[71,104],"paper":[72],"derives":[73],"general":[75],"model":[76,98],"offset":[79,114],"and":[80,82,115,128],"skew":[81],"demonstrates":[83],"its":[84],"application":[85],"real":[87,129],"oscillators.":[89],"We":[90,117],"design":[91],"an":[92],"efficient":[93],"algorithm":[94,105],"based":[95],"achieve":[100],"high":[101],"accuracy.":[103],"applies":[106],"Kalman":[108],"filter":[109],"track":[111],"skew.":[116],"demonstrate":[118],"advantages":[121],"our":[123],"schemes":[124],"through":[125],"extensive":[126],"simulations":[127],"oscillator":[131],"measurements.":[132]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
