{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2321234954","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmscs.2016.2553027","title":"A Lockdown Technique to Prevent Machine Learning on PUFs for Lightweight Authentication","display_name":"A Lockdown Technique to Prevent Machine Learning on PUFs for Lightweight Authentication","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-04-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2321234954","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmscs.2016.2553027","mag":"2321234954"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmscs.2016.2553027","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmscs.2016.2553027","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201583","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multi-Scale Computing Systems","issn_l":"2332-7766","issn":["2332-7766","2372-207X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multi-Scale Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/110985","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021810294","display_name":"Meng-Day Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["BE","US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Meng-Day Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA","Computer Security & Industrial Cryptography Laboratory, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, CA, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Security & Industrial Cryptography Laboratory, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, CA, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012828963","display_name":"Matthias Hiller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1238-1114"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Hiller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Security in Information Technology, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, M\u00fcnchen, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Security in Information Technology, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, M\u00fcnchen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009939445","display_name":"Jeroen Delvaux","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0684-8427"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210132990","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Cryptology","ror":"https://ror.org/02pn5rj08","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39327780","display_name":"iMinds","ror":"https://ror.org/03baec336","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39327780"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["BE","CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeroen Delvaux","raw_affiliation_strings":["COSIC Laboratory, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, and iMinds, Belgium","Cryptography & Information Security Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COSIC Laboratory, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, and iMinds, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39327780","https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cryptography & Information Security Laboratory, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210132990","https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065629325","display_name":"Richard Sowell","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Sowell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Verayo, Inc., San Jose, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Verayo, Inc., San Jose, CA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000525449","display_name":"Srinivas Devadas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8253-7714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Srinivas Devadas","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSAIL, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSAIL, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082347771","display_name":"Ingrid Verbauwhede","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0879-076X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39327780","display_name":"iMinds","ror":"https://ror.org/03baec336","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39327780"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ingrid Verbauwhede","raw_affiliation_strings":["COSIC Laboratory, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, and iMinds Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"COSIC Laboratory, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, and iMinds Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39327780","https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021810294"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007","https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":19.0017,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":195,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99678752,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"3","first_page":"146","last_page":"159"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9939000010490417,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9699000120162964,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6562080979347229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5262940526008606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4767078757286072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3983479142189026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3573828935623169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3391612768173218}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6562080979347229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5262940526008606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4767078757286072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3983479142189026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3573828935623169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3391612768173218}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmscs.2016.2553027","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmscs.2016.2553027","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210201583","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multi-Scale Computing Systems","issn_l":"2332-7766","issn":["2332-7766","2372-207X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multi-Scale Computing Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/110985","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/110985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"MIT Web Domain","raw_type":"http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:123456789/562550","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/562550/1/article-2677.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multi-Scale Computing Systems, vol. 2 (3), Art.No. 3, (146-159)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/110985","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/110985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"MIT Web Domain","raw_type":"http://purl.org/eprint/type/JournalArticle"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6436941745","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014-1/9","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328348","funder_display_name":"Bayerisch-Kalifornischen Hochschulzentrum"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328348","display_name":"Bayerisch-Kalifornischen Hochschulzentrum","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W65483511","https://openalex.org/W104720657","https://openalex.org/W338742241","https://openalex.org/W1484297493","https://openalex.org/W1537808739","https://openalex.org/W1541098965","https://openalex.org/W1663973292","https://openalex.org/W1917333369","https://openalex.org/W1966117405","https://openalex.org/W1975518327","https://openalex.org/W2000171858","https://openalex.org/W2009086942","https://openalex.org/W2016244202","https://openalex.org/W2019363670","https://openalex.org/W2041435997","https://openalex.org/W2044389004","https://openalex.org/W2052828598","https://openalex.org/W2066834245","https://openalex.org/W2080284304","https://openalex.org/W2094192676","https://openalex.org/W2099319333","https://openalex.org/W2110062156","https://openalex.org/W2113322447","https://openalex.org/W2116374153","https://openalex.org/W2123482651","https://openalex.org/W2130351941","https://openalex.org/W2137153141","https://openalex.org/W2143908786","https://openalex.org/W2154909745","https://openalex.org/W2154952480","https://openalex.org/W2171762889","https://openalex.org/W2172255798","https://openalex.org/W2174648984","https://openalex.org/W2188484915","https://openalex.org/W2225497109","https://openalex.org/W2265382507","https://openalex.org/W2289245055","https://openalex.org/W2289458927","https://openalex.org/W2294709132","https://openalex.org/W2534919326","https://openalex.org/W2785519497","https://openalex.org/W3147945423","https://openalex.org/W3194506215","https://openalex.org/W4238893454","https://openalex.org/W6676995458","https://openalex.org/W6678473589","https://openalex.org/W6682554491","https://openalex.org/W6689343174","https://openalex.org/W6696663596","https://openalex.org/W6800815191"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W3046775127","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,118,147],"present":[1,120],"a":[2,13,16,30,36,72,76,88,99,112,121,125],"lightweight":[3,96],"PUF-based":[4],"authentication":[5,97],"approach":[6,86,150],"that":[7,101,128,169],"is":[8,27,65,102,129],"practical":[9,141,167],"in":[10,98],"settings":[11],"where":[12,22],"server":[14],"authenticates":[15],"device,":[17],"and":[18,144,155,163,181],"for":[19,95,140],"use":[20],"cases":[21],"the":[23,59,68,157,177,182,190],"number":[24,178],"of":[25,70,79,159,179],"authentications":[26],"limited":[28,77],"over":[29],"device's":[31],"lifetime.":[32],"Our":[33,84],"scheme":[34],"uses":[35],"server-managed":[37],"challenge/response":[38],"pair":[39],"(CRP)":[40],"lockdown":[41],"protocol:":[42],"unlike":[43],"prior":[44],"approaches,":[45],"an":[46],"adaptive":[47],"chosen-challenge":[48],"adversary":[49,64],"with":[50,67,75,173],"machine":[51,80,108],"learning":[52,81,109,138],"capabilities":[53],"cannot":[54],"obtain":[55],"new":[56],"CRPs":[57,180],"without":[58],"server's":[60],"implicit":[61],"permission.":[62],"The":[63],"faced":[66],"problem":[69],"deriving":[71],"PUF":[73,91,127,153],"model":[74],"amount":[78],"training":[82],"data.":[83],"system-level":[85],"allows":[87],"so-called":[89],"strong":[90],"to":[92],"be":[93],"used":[94],"manner":[100],"heuristically":[103],"secure":[104,130],"against":[105,131],"today's":[106],"best":[107],"methods":[110],"through":[111],"worst-case":[113],"CRP":[114],"exposure":[115],"algorithmic":[116],"validation.":[117],"also":[119],"degenerate":[122],"instantiation":[123],"using":[124,151,185],"weak":[126],"computationally":[132],"unrestricted":[133],"adversaries,":[134],"which":[135],"includes":[136],"any":[137],"adversary,":[139],"device":[142],"lifetimes":[143],"read-out":[145],"rates.":[146],"validate":[148],"our":[149],"silicon":[152],"data,":[154],"demonstrate":[156],"feasibility":[158],"supporting":[160],"10,":[161],"1,000,":[162],"1M":[164],"authentications,":[165],"including":[166],"configurations":[168],"are":[170],"not":[171],"learnable":[172],"polynomial":[174],"resources,":[175],"e.g.,":[176],"attack":[183],"runtime,":[184],"recent":[186],"results":[187],"based":[188],"on":[189],"probably-approximately-correct":[191],"(PAC)":[192],"complexity-theoretic":[193],"framework.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
