{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414153896","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2025.3609179","title":"JPEG AI Compressed Domain Face Detection: A Multi-Scale Bridging Perspective","display_name":"JPEG AI Compressed Domain Face Detection: A Multi-Scale Bridging Perspective","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414153896","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2025.3609179"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmm.2025.3609179","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2025.3609179","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137030581","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","issn_l":"1520-9210","issn":["1520-9210","1941-0077"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11379/633161","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ayman Alkhateeb","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79940851","display_name":"University of Brescia","ror":"https://ror.org/02q2d2610","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayman Alkhateeb","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, CNIT—University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy","Dep. of Information Engineering, CNIT — University of Brescia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, CNIT—University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dep. of Information Engineering, CNIT — University of Brescia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031099129","display_name":"Alessandro Gnutti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8308-0776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79940851","display_name":"University of Brescia","ror":"https://ror.org/02q2d2610","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Gnutti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, CNIT—University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy","Dep. of Information Engineering, CNIT — University of Brescia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8308-0776","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, CNIT—University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dep. of Information Engineering, CNIT — University of Brescia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080809403","display_name":"Fabrizio Guerrini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5634-6615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79940851","display_name":"University of Brescia","ror":"https://ror.org/02q2d2610","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabrizio Guerrini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, CNIT—University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy","Dep. of Information Engineering, CNIT — University of Brescia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5634-6615","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, CNIT—University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dep. of Information Engineering, CNIT — University of Brescia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077643154","display_name":"Riccardo Leonardi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0755-1924"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79940851","display_name":"University of Brescia","ror":"https://ror.org/02q2d2610","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riccardo Leonardi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Engineering, CNIT—University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy","Dep. of Information Engineering, CNIT — University of Brescia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0755-1924","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Engineering, CNIT—University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dep. of Information Engineering, CNIT — University of Brescia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79940851"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081334387","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Ascenso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9902-5926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jo\u00e3o Ascenso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa - Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon, Portugal","Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa — Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9902-5926","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa - Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa — Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044708805","display_name":"Fernando Pereira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6100-947X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fernando Pereira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa - Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon, Portugal","Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa — Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6100-947X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa - Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa — Instituto de Telecomunicações, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9327,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75542985,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":null,"first_page":"2059","last_page":"2068"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.7663000226020813,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.7663000226020813,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jpeg","display_name":"JPEG","score":0.6301000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridging","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","score":0.6291999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.534500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jpeg-2000","display_name":"JPEG 2000","score":0.44929999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncompressed-video","display_name":"Uncompressed video","score":0.44609999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.4223000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lossless-compression","display_name":"Lossless compression","score":0.40869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-compression","display_name":"Data compression","score":0.4077000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lossless-jpeg","display_name":"Lossless JPEG","score":0.3944999873638153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8744999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198751489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2195","display_name":"JPEG","level":3,"score":0.6301000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.6291999816894531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6031000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.534500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69216139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931783","display_name":"JPEG 2000","level":5,"score":0.44929999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162478608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4011369","display_name":"Uncompressed video","level":4,"score":0.44609999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.4223000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81081738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55542","display_name":"Lossless compression","level":3,"score":0.40869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78548338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2493","display_name":"Data compression","level":2,"score":0.4077000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8384606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2190356","display_name":"Lossless JPEG","level":5,"score":0.3944999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13481523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412438","display_name":"Image compression","level":4,"score":0.3682999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.36250001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.351500004529953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169805256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361381","display_name":"Transform coding","level":4,"score":0.35030001401901245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.33889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57654395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1097775","display_name":"Compression artifact","level":5,"score":0.3379000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.33320000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.320499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.31470000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776674983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q545981","display_name":"Image editing","level":3,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmm.2025.3609179","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2025.3609179","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137030581","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","issn_l":"1520-9210","issn":["1520-9210","1941-0077"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unibs.it:11379/633161","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11379/633161","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400804","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System (Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Brescia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","host_organization_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unibs.it:11379/633161","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11379/633161","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400804","display_name":"Institutional Research Information System (Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Brescia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I66752286","host_organization_name":"University of Milano-Bicocca","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66752286"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2441603424","https://openalex.org/W2542654834","https://openalex.org/W4243959093","https://openalex.org/W1994319845","https://openalex.org/W2971784143","https://openalex.org/W2159814397","https://openalex.org/W3095399624","https://openalex.org/W1968318766","https://openalex.org/W4312760377","https://openalex.org/W2357838320"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Learning-based":[0],"image":[1],"coding":[2],"is":[3,48,150,164,191,205],"showing":[4],"improved":[5],"compression":[6],"efficiency,":[7],"while":[8],"also":[9],"offering":[10],"a":[11,38,53,65,78,86,93,104],"novel":[12,87],"advantage":[13],"in":[14],"enabling":[15],"computer":[16],"vision":[17,200],"tasks":[18],"directly":[19,70],"within":[20],"the":[21,44,72,119,130,145,154,160,177],"compressed":[22,59,97],"domain.":[23],"The":[24,101,188],"latent":[25,73],"representation":[26],"created":[27],"by":[28],"deep":[29],"learning":[30],"methods":[31],"inherently":[32],"contains":[33],"all":[34],"visual":[35],"features,":[36],"without":[37],"computationally":[39,146],"expensive":[40,147],"synthesis":[41],"process":[42],"at":[43],"decoder.":[45],"This":[46],"paper":[47],"an":[49],"invited":[50],"extension":[51],"of":[52,115,157,179],"previous":[54],"solution":[55],"for":[56,113,209],"JPEG":[57,139,203],"AI":[58,140,204],"domain":[60,98,182],"face":[61,99,183],"detection":[62,114,135,184],"that":[63],"adapts":[64],"RetinaFace-based":[66],"detector":[67],"to":[68,77,91,111,124,134,193,196],"operate":[69],"on":[71,118,136,185],"tensor.":[74],"In":[75],"addition":[76],"former":[79],"single-scale":[80,125],"bridging":[81,89],"solution,":[82],"this":[83],"work":[84],"provides":[85],"multi-scale":[88,96,169],"architecture":[90,190],"enable":[92],"more":[94],"effective":[95],"detection.":[100],"results":[102],"show":[103],"significant":[105],"performance":[106],"gain,":[107],"improving":[108],"accuracy":[109],"up":[110],"20%":[112],"tiny":[116],"faces":[117],"WIDER":[120],"FACE":[121],"dataset":[122],"compared":[123,133],"bridging,":[126,170],"and":[127,152,168,175],"further":[128],"narrowing":[129],"gap":[131],"when":[132],"uncompressed":[137],"or":[138],"decoded":[141,186],"images.":[142,187],"Furthermore,":[143],"since":[144,153],"decoding":[148],"step":[149],"bypassed":[151],"bridges":[155],"consist":[156],"lower-complexity":[158],"networks,":[159],"overall":[161],"processing":[162],"cost":[163],"significantly":[165],"reduced.":[166],"Single":[167],"respectively,":[171],"have":[172],"about":[173],"10%":[174],"32%":[176],"complexity":[178],"applying":[180],"pixel":[181],"proposed":[189],"expected":[192],"be":[194],"extended":[195],"other":[197],"multiscale":[198],"sensitive":[199],"tasks,":[201],"as":[202],"not":[206],"specifically":[207],"designed":[208],"any":[210],"single":[211],"downstream":[212],"application.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-15T07:11:24.734988","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}