{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389252586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2023.3338413","title":"Natural &amp; Adversarial Bokeh Rendering via Circle-of-Confusion Predictive Network","display_name":"Natural &amp; Adversarial Bokeh Rendering via Circle-of-Confusion Predictive Network","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389252586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2023.3338413"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmm.2023.3338413","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2023.3338413","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137030581","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","issn_l":"1520-9210","issn":["1520-9210","1941-0077"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036183844","display_name":"Yihao Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5784-770X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yihao Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5784-770X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034751153","display_name":"Felix Juefei-Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0857-8611"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felix Juefei-Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University, New York, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0857-8611","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University, New York, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026239594","display_name":"Qing Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0974-9299"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3004594783","display_name":"Institute of High Performance Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0ejh50","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC) and Centre for Frontier AI Research (CFAR), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0974-9299","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC) and Centre for Frontier AI Research (CFAR), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054490662","display_name":"Geguang Pu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9750-8334"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66867065","display_name":"East China Normal University","ror":"https://ror.org/02n96ep67","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geguang Pu","raw_affiliation_strings":["East China Normal University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9750-8334","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"East China Normal University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66867065"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100355692","display_name":"Yang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7300-9215"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7300-9215","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4844,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.60458821,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":null,"first_page":"5729","last_page":"5740"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.846298336982727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7683506011962891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6090764403343201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.5537435412406921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confusion","display_name":"Confusion","score":0.4796024560928345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.47487303614616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.42883315682411194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36734187602996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.34072810411453247}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.846298336982727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7683506011962891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6090764403343201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.5537435412406921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781140086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q557945","display_name":"Confusion","level":2,"score":0.4796024560928345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.47487303614616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.42883315682411194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36734187602996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.34072810411453247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11171543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41630","display_name":"Psychoanalysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmm.2023.3338413","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2023.3338413","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137030581","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","issn_l":"1520-9210","issn":["1520-9210","1941-0077"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.6100000143051147,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2275947126","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020AAA0107800","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G554618108","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NCRP25- P04-TAICeN","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064076387","https://openalex.org/W2066476997","https://openalex.org/W2116196132","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2136129837","https://openalex.org/W2155113687","https://openalex.org/W2400000673","https://openalex.org/W2518810941","https://openalex.org/W2795727551","https://openalex.org/W2808434111","https://openalex.org/W2894627214","https://openalex.org/W2896512449","https://openalex.org/W2914002435","https://openalex.org/W2962785568","https://openalex.org/W2985321619","https://openalex.org/W2997300022","https://openalex.org/W3003641532","https://openalex.org/W3008653537","https://openalex.org/W3012123759","https://openalex.org/W3016556061","https://openalex.org/W3029088438","https://openalex.org/W3034196143","https://openalex.org/W3034960835","https://openalex.org/W3048190013","https://openalex.org/W3089816516","https://openalex.org/W3094704991","https://openalex.org/W3109494165","https://openalex.org/W3121404598","https://openalex.org/W3126718261","https://openalex.org/W3134685667","https://openalex.org/W3148178367","https://openalex.org/W3173383415","https://openalex.org/W3174957407","https://openalex.org/W3174970555","https://openalex.org/W3192790666","https://openalex.org/W3198796530","https://openalex.org/W3204896399","https://openalex.org/W4205523955","https://openalex.org/W4226020516","https://openalex.org/W4283718752","https://openalex.org/W4285227025","https://openalex.org/W4319663704","https://openalex.org/W4320008790","https://openalex.org/W4321021233","https://openalex.org/W4323896829","https://openalex.org/W4385801674","https://openalex.org/W4385815603","https://openalex.org/W6631943919","https://openalex.org/W6739868092","https://openalex.org/W6762970624","https://openalex.org/W6776523612","https://openalex.org/W6783083507","https://openalex.org/W6797227673","https://openalex.org/W6805606072"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2502115930","https://openalex.org/W4246396837","https://openalex.org/W2482350142","https://openalex.org/W3176240006","https://openalex.org/W3126451824","https://openalex.org/W1561927205","https://openalex.org/W3191453585","https://openalex.org/W4297672492","https://openalex.org/W4288019534","https://openalex.org/W3176659669"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Bokeh":[0],"effect":[1],"is":[2],"a":[3,18,59,98,137,182,206,275],"natural":[4,115],"shallow":[5],"depth-of-field":[6],"phenomenon":[7],"that":[8,54,256],"blurs":[9],"the":[10,55,65,80,89,119,131,142,158,178,189,201,213,219,223,227,237,245,249,264,269],"out-of-focus":[11],"part":[12],"in":[13,248],"photography.":[14],"In":[15],"recent":[16],"years,":[17],"series":[19],"of":[20,82,109,145,186,239],"works":[21,52],"have":[22],"proposed":[23],"automatic":[24],"and":[25,32,47,72,114,117,147,161,205],"realistic":[26,113,197,261],"bokeh":[27,56,105,116,215,262],"rendering":[28,112,198],"methods":[29,266],"for":[30,170],"artistic":[31],"aesthetic":[33],"purposes.":[34],"They":[35],"usually":[36],"employ":[37],"cutting-edge":[38],"data-driven":[39,74,133,146],"deep":[40,240,271],"generative":[41],"networks":[42,242,273],"with":[43,200,274],"complex":[44],"training":[45,203],"strategies":[46],"network":[48,155],"architectures.":[49],"However,":[50],"these":[51],"neglect":[53],"effect,":[57],"as":[58,164],"real":[60,250],"phenomenon,":[61],"can":[62],"inevitably":[63],"affect":[64],"subsequent":[66],"visual":[67,120,228],"intelligent":[68,90],"tasks":[69],"like":[70],"recognition,":[71],"their":[73],"nature":[75],"prevents":[76],"them":[77],"from":[78],"studying":[79],"influence":[81],"bokeh-related":[83],"physical":[84,184],"parameters":[85,169],"(i.e.,":[86,123],"depth-of-the-field)":[87],"on":[88],"tasks.":[91,230],"To":[92,127],"fill":[93],"this":[94,128],"gap,":[95],"we":[96,135,151,211,232],"study":[97,236],"totally":[99],"new":[100],"problem,":[101],"i.e.,natural":[102],"&amp;":[103],"adversarial":[104,125,214],"rendering,":[106],"which":[107,173],"consists":[108],"two":[110],"objectives:":[111],"fooling":[118,268],"perception":[121,229],"models":[122],"bokeh-based":[124],"attack).":[126],"end,":[129],"beyond":[130],"pure":[132],"solution,":[134,191],"propose":[136,152,212],"hybrid":[138,190],"alternative":[139],"by":[140,217],"taking":[141,157],"respective":[143],"advantages":[144],"physical-aware":[148],"methods.":[149],"Specifically,":[150],"thecircle-of-confusion":[153],"predictive":[154],"(CoCNet)by":[156],"all-in-focus":[159],"image":[160,163,180],"depth":[162,224,246],"inputs":[165],"to":[166,176,235,244],"estimate":[167],"circle-of-confusion":[168],"each":[171],"pixel,":[172],"are":[174,233],"employed":[175],"render":[177],"final":[179],"through":[181],"well-known":[183],"model":[185],"bokeh.":[187],"With":[188],"our":[192,257],"method":[193,258],"could":[194],"achieve":[195],"more":[196,260],"results":[199],"naive":[202],"strategy":[204],"much":[207],"lighter":[208],"network.":[209],"Moreover,":[210],"attack":[216],"fixing":[218],"CoCNet":[220],"while":[221,267],"optimizing":[222],"map":[225],"w.r.t.":[226],"Then,":[231],"able":[234],"vulnerability":[238],"neural":[241,272],"according":[243],"variations":[247],"world.":[251],"The":[252],"extensive":[253],"experiments":[254],"show":[255],"produces":[259],"than":[263],"state-of-the-art":[265],"powerful":[270],"high":[276],"accuracy":[277],"drop.":[278]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
