{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388544017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2023.3331572","title":"Hierarchical Dynamic Masks for Visual Explanation of Neural Networks","display_name":"Hierarchical Dynamic Masks for Visual Explanation of Neural Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-11-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4388544017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2023.3331572"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmm.2023.3331572","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2023.3331572","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137030581","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","issn_l":"1520-9210","issn":["1520-9210","1941-0077"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057399853","display_name":"Yitao Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2680-5822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yitao Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2680-5822","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091130234","display_name":"Lianghua He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5250-170X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lianghua He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5250-170X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084461937","display_name":"Die Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8081-8512"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24943067","display_name":"Fudan University","ror":"https://ror.org/013q1eq08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Die Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8081-8512","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24943067"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101847419","display_name":"Yihang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4257-2528"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yihang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4257-2528","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085584344","display_name":"Longzhen Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5791-145X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Longzhen Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5791-145X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043497650","display_name":"Shaohua Shang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2809-1421"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaohua Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2809-1421","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057399853"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6816,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76373035,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":null,"first_page":"5311","last_page":"5325"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8512202501296997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6785266995429993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6413196921348572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.6183868646621704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5597438812255859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.47891056537628174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.4521494209766388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4478849768638611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.44160646200180054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4150662422180176}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8512202501296997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6785266995429993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6413196921348572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.6183868646621704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5597438812255859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.47891056537628174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.4521494209766388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4478849768638611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.44160646200180054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4150662422180176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmm.2023.3331572","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2023.3331572","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137030581","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","issn_l":"1520-9210","issn":["1520-9210","1941-0077"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.75,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3582019159","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62271155","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7355213507","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171323","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1797268635","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2343569625","https://openalex.org/W2516809705","https://openalex.org/W2606462007","https://openalex.org/W2738890255","https://openalex.org/W2765793020","https://openalex.org/W2962851944","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2990451522","https://openalex.org/W3010219363","https://openalex.org/W3022359978","https://openalex.org/W3034641810","https://openalex.org/W3035253074","https://openalex.org/W3036328963","https://openalex.org/W3046768359","https://openalex.org/W3092083846","https://openalex.org/W3101609372","https://openalex.org/W3106483999","https://openalex.org/W3127579051","https://openalex.org/W3135579708","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3142259832","https://openalex.org/W3164719608","https://openalex.org/W3176278386","https://openalex.org/W3176482836","https://openalex.org/W3199130398","https://openalex.org/W3205964985","https://openalex.org/W4210447104","https://openalex.org/W4280572115","https://openalex.org/W4296558679","https://openalex.org/W4300235091","https://openalex.org/W4309023041","https://openalex.org/W4311967393","https://openalex.org/W4312443924","https://openalex.org/W4319996358","https://openalex.org/W4386075648","https://openalex.org/W6638319203","https://openalex.org/W6685133223","https://openalex.org/W6734194636","https://openalex.org/W6736518430","https://openalex.org/W6737947904","https://openalex.org/W6752170072","https://openalex.org/W6767259515","https://openalex.org/W6782259796","https://openalex.org/W6963666032"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2366107444","https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W4388145910","https://openalex.org/W2381570729","https://openalex.org/W1976205134","https://openalex.org/W4321353415","https://openalex.org/W2745001401","https://openalex.org/W4248336175","https://openalex.org/W2031260042","https://openalex.org/W2130974462"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Despite":[0],"the":[1,12,29,45,57,62,117,131,134,153,166,171,178,198,208],"remarkable":[2],"accomplishments":[3],"of":[4,15,31,61,133,168],"deep":[5],"neural":[6,41,173],"networks":[7],"in":[8,51,170,181,193],"computer":[9],"vision":[10],"tasks,":[11],"inherent":[13],"opacity":[14],"their":[16,141],"operations":[17],"remains":[18],"a":[19,72,78,182],"pressing":[20],"concern.":[21],"Attribution":[22],"methods":[23,65],"generating":[24],"visual":[25],"explanatory":[26],"maps":[27,94],"representing":[28],"importance":[30,148,191],"image":[32,180],"pixels":[33],"for":[34,39,70],"model":[35],"classification":[36,175],"are":[37],"popular":[38],"explaining":[40,67],"network":[42,174],"decisions.":[43],"However,":[44],"small":[46],"and":[47,59,99,164,218,223,228],"diverse":[48],"decision":[49],"regions":[50,167],"fine-grained":[52],"or":[53],"medical":[54],"images":[55],"limit":[56],"precision":[58],"comprehensiveness":[60],"existing":[63,212],"attribution":[64,80],"when":[66,221],"decisions":[68,176],"made":[69],"such":[71],"data":[73],"type.":[74],"This":[75],"paper":[76],"introduces":[77],"novel":[79],"method":[81,210],"called":[82],"hierarchical":[83],"dynamic":[84,105],"masks":[85,106],"(HDM)":[86],"to":[87,91,115,189],"overcome":[88],"these":[89],"concerns":[90],"generate":[92],"saliency":[93,200],"with":[95],"high":[96],"recognition":[97,216],"reliability":[98],"localization":[100],"capability.":[101],"Specifically,":[102],"we":[103,151],"suggest":[104],"(DM),":[107],"which":[108],"enable":[109],"multiple":[110],"small-sized":[111],"benchmark":[112,127],"mask":[113,128,137,143],"vectors":[114,129,138],"learn":[116],"image's":[118],"critical":[119],"information":[120],"roughly":[121],"through":[122],"an":[123],"optimization":[124],"method.":[125],"The":[126,204],"guide":[130],"learning":[132],"large-sized":[135],"combination":[136],"so":[139],"that":[140,207],"overlay":[142],"accurately":[144],"learns":[145],"detailed":[146],"pixel":[147],"information.":[149],"Additionally,":[150],"construct":[152],"HDM":[154,186],"by":[155],"hierarchically":[156],"concatenating":[157],"DM":[158,161,188],"modules.":[159],"These":[160],"modules":[162],"search":[163],"combine":[165],"interest":[169],"remaining":[172],"within":[177],"masked":[179],"learning-based":[183],"way.":[184],"Since":[185],"forces":[187],"perform":[190],"analysis":[192],"different":[194],"areas,":[195],"it":[196],"makes":[197],"fused":[199],"map":[201],"more":[202],"comprehensive.":[203],"experiments":[205],"reveal":[206],"proposed":[209],"outperforms":[211],"approaches":[213],"significantly":[214],"regarding":[215],"credibility":[217],"positioning":[219],"ability":[220],"qualitatively":[222],"quantitatively":[224],"tested":[225],"on":[226],"CUB-200-2011":[227],"iChallenge-PM":[229],"datasets.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}