{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386973810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2023.3318327","title":"RLGrid: Reinforcement Learning Controlled Grid Deformation for Coarse-to-Fine Point Cloud Completion","display_name":"RLGrid: Reinforcement Learning Controlled Grid Deformation for Coarse-to-Fine Point Cloud Completion","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-09-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386973810","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2023.3318327"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmm.2023.3318327","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2023.3318327","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137030581","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","issn_l":"1520-9210","issn":["1520-9210","1941-0077"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091952381","display_name":"Shanshan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6319-1498"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shanshan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6319-1498","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019391901","display_name":"Pan Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4492-5430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pan Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4492-5430","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004478562","display_name":"Xiaoyang Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2683-8667"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyang Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2683-8667","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100389005","display_name":"Wei Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0608-065X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196829312","display_name":"La Trobe University","ror":"https://ror.org/01rxfrp27","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0608-065X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196829312"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2345,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2345},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9703,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68338514,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":null,"first_page":"860","last_page":"874"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11245","display_name":"Advanced Numerical Analysis Techniques","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10481","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Visualization Techniques","score":0.9850000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1704","display_name":"Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8147512674331665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7848018407821655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.7558649778366089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.6864275336265564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.4936131238937378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.4824858009815216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.46597978472709656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4498233199119568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.4415942430496216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.42779120802879333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3802165389060974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.30924877524375916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.15114030241966248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10722175240516663}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8147512674331665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7848018407821655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.7558649778366089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.6864275336265564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.4936131238937378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.4824858009815216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.46597978472709656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4498233199119568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.4415942430496216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.42779120802879333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3802165389060974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.30924877524375916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.15114030241966248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10722175240516663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmm.2023.3318327","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2023.3318327","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137030581","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","issn_l":"1520-9210","issn":["1520-9210","1941-0077"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8456139742","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272227","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2049715505","https://openalex.org/W2071224029","https://openalex.org/W2115579991","https://openalex.org/W2143668817","https://openalex.org/W2144199676","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2427751284","https://openalex.org/W2524140598","https://openalex.org/W2555618208","https://openalex.org/W2559882727","https://openalex.org/W2560722161","https://openalex.org/W2754517384","https://openalex.org/W2796426482","https://openalex.org/W2798314605","https://openalex.org/W2886499109","https://openalex.org/W2940600945","https://openalex.org/W2942231644","https://openalex.org/W2953668091","https://openalex.org/W2963648573","https://openalex.org/W2985683375","https://openalex.org/W2996137421","https://openalex.org/W2997088169","https://openalex.org/W3010982611","https://openalex.org/W3034584726","https://openalex.org/W3035014292","https://openalex.org/W3096093845","https://openalex.org/W3109518641","https://openalex.org/W3116982717","https://openalex.org/W3119423311","https://openalex.org/W3157424380","https://openalex.org/W3170469318","https://openalex.org/W3170754649","https://openalex.org/W3173744995","https://openalex.org/W3175702600","https://openalex.org/W3177170806","https://openalex.org/W3179449781","https://openalex.org/W3184736166","https://openalex.org/W3191573718","https://openalex.org/W3196231425","https://openalex.org/W3203898101","https://openalex.org/W3206075451","https://openalex.org/W4220890232","https://openalex.org/W4221143972","https://openalex.org/W4292972698","https://openalex.org/W4312704718","https://openalex.org/W4313183789","https://openalex.org/W4386083014","https://openalex.org/W6605304823","https://openalex.org/W6678815747","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6687484953","https://openalex.org/W6735913928","https://openalex.org/W6739778489","https://openalex.org/W6748208425","https://openalex.org/W6761686903","https://openalex.org/W6762963360","https://openalex.org/W6763422710","https://openalex.org/W6784780333","https://openalex.org/W6790944140"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2669956259","https://openalex.org/W2939353110","https://openalex.org/W4327774331","https://openalex.org/W4287178339","https://openalex.org/W3165463024","https://openalex.org/W3138288039","https://openalex.org/W3165097609","https://openalex.org/W4292874285","https://openalex.org/W4310034804","https://openalex.org/W2732415564"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"point":[1,32,81,106,151,175,200],"cloud":[2,33,82,107,201],"completion":[3,202],"methods":[4],"typically":[5],"rely":[6],"on":[7,146,185,217,236],"two":[8,80,85],"steps:":[9],"coarse":[10,105,119],"generation":[11],"and":[12,93,121,153,164,210],"2D":[13,156,221,238],"Grid":[14,27,73,222,239],"deformed":[15],"fine":[16,21],"output.":[17],"However,":[18],"in":[19,199],"the":[20,23,42,55,68,94,99,112,125,128,141,147,160,172,189,211],"generation,":[22],"expansion":[24,43,143],"range":[25,44,144],"(2D":[26],"Scale)":[28],"required":[29],"by":[30,84,108],"each":[31,150],"sample":[34],"may":[35,58],"be":[36,59,234],"vastly":[37],"different.":[38],"For":[39],"example,":[40],"if":[41],"for":[45],"a":[46,52,132,155,167,225],"vessel":[47],"shape":[48],"is":[49,88,96,137,195],"applied":[50],"to":[51,89,97,104,139,170,205,219],"table":[53],"shape,":[54],"final":[56],"output":[57,120],"blurry":[60],"or":[61],"sparse.":[62],"To":[63,188],"this":[64],"end,":[65],"we":[66,77],"propose":[67],"RLGrid,":[69],"Reinforcement":[70,133],"Learning":[71,134],"Controlled":[72],"Deformation.":[74],"In":[75],"detail,":[76],"firstly":[78],"obtain":[79,171],"skeletons":[83],"branches.":[86],"One":[87],"use":[90],"an":[91,215],"autoencoder,":[92],"other":[95],"convert":[98],"randomly":[100],"generated":[101],"normal":[102],"distribution":[103],"GAN.":[109],"We":[110],"choose":[111],"one":[113],"with":[114],"smaller":[115],"chamfer":[116],"distance":[117],"between":[118],"incomplete":[122],"input":[123,126],"as":[124,224],"of":[127,149,191,207],"second":[129],"stage.":[130],"Then,":[131],"(RL)":[135],"agent":[136],"designed":[138],"select":[140],"appropriate":[142],"based":[145],"feature":[148],"cloud,":[152],"generate":[154],"Grid.":[157],"Finally,":[158],"all":[159],"features":[161],"are":[162],"concatenated":[163],"sent":[165],"into":[166],"Multilayer":[168],"Perceptron":[169],"detailed":[173],"complete":[174],"cloud.":[176],"Experimental":[177],"results":[178],"show":[179],"that":[180],"RLGrid":[181,213],"achieves":[182],"state-of-the-art":[183],"performance":[184],"various":[186],"datasets.":[187],"best":[190],"our":[192],"knowledge,":[193],"RL":[194],"not":[196],"widely":[197],"used":[198],"task":[203],"due":[204],"lack":[206],"custom":[208],"environment,":[209],"proposed":[212],"provides":[214],"insight":[216],"how":[218],"formulate":[220],"deformation":[223],"sequential":[226],"decision":[227],"making":[228],"problem.":[229],"Further,":[230],"it":[231],"can":[232],"also":[233],"plug-and-play":[235],"any":[237],"features.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2023-09-23T00:00:00"}