{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285226122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2022.3182509","title":"Unsupervised Learning-Based Framework for Deepfake Video Detection","display_name":"Unsupervised Learning-Based Framework for Deepfake Video Detection","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-06-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285226122","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2022.3182509"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmm.2022.3182509","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2022.3182509","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137030581","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","issn_l":"1520-9210","issn":["1520-9210","1941-0077"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100425494","display_name":"Li Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0377-1404"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Cyberspace Governance of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Cyberspace Governance of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069460515","display_name":"Tong Qiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4912-2132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tong Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Cyberspace Governance of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China","Henan Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness, Zhengzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4912-2132","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Blockchain and Cyberspace Governance of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Henan Key Laboratory of Cyberspace Situation Awareness, Zhengzhou, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041210918","display_name":"Ming Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9332-5258"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9332-5258","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047378832","display_name":"Ning Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3503-8167"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3503-8167","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085230005","display_name":"Shichuang Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3142-3968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shichuang Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3142-3968","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.2113,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":60,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.958492,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"4785","last_page":"4799"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.9084885120391846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6969613432884216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.6357961297035217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5329614281654358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.5155131816864014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.47579678893089294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.4697680175304413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.46574389934539795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3808259963989258}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.9084885120391846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6969613432884216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.6357961297035217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5329614281654358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.5155131816864014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.47579678893089294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4697680175304413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.46574389934539795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3808259963989258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmm.2022.3182509","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2022.3182509","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137030581","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","issn_l":"1520-9210","issn":["1520-9210","1941-0077"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8517701200","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GK219909299001-007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4554350417","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4554350417","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Provincial Universities of Zhejiang","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":69,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1514331370","https://openalex.org/W1520620701","https://openalex.org/W2006028575","https://openalex.org/W2030924161","https://openalex.org/W2071451750","https://openalex.org/W2121947440","https://openalex.org/W2124695272","https://openalex.org/W2479919622","https://openalex.org/W2508457857","https://openalex.org/W2524365899","https://openalex.org/W2560266592","https://openalex.org/W2588001850","https://openalex.org/W2605595487","https://openalex.org/W2608442906","https://openalex.org/W2611426089","https://openalex.org/W2888338418","https://openalex.org/W2891145043","https://openalex.org/W2894598861","https://openalex.org/W2898877033","https://openalex.org/W2899423461","https://openalex.org/W2902962850","https://openalex.org/W2904573504","https://openalex.org/W2911424785","https://openalex.org/W2913399670","https://openalex.org/W2914447220","https://openalex.org/W2945262873","https://openalex.org/W2953335716","https://openalex.org/W2955425717","https://openalex.org/W2962958939","https://openalex.org/W2963684180","https://openalex.org/W2963720850","https://openalex.org/W2963940818","https://openalex.org/W2964146055","https://openalex.org/W2976451995","https://openalex.org/W2980516296","https://openalex.org/W2982058372","https://openalex.org/W2994892543","https://openalex.org/W2997517962","https://openalex.org/W3013626038","https://openalex.org/W3014874589","https://openalex.org/W3033543015","https://openalex.org/W3034530968","https://openalex.org/W3038930935","https://openalex.org/W3047570487","https://openalex.org/W3084163766","https://openalex.org/W3090538384","https://openalex.org/W3109865886","https://openalex.org/W3119118477","https://openalex.org/W3128609017","https://openalex.org/W3139060449","https://openalex.org/W3139395821","https://openalex.org/W3158766194","https://openalex.org/W3166490340","https://openalex.org/W3174508664","https://openalex.org/W3188897163","https://openalex.org/W3193285461","https://openalex.org/W3200129610","https://openalex.org/W4214680478","https://openalex.org/W4287758545","https://openalex.org/W6730646203","https://openalex.org/W6756046522","https://openalex.org/W6757599822","https://openalex.org/W6762480454","https://openalex.org/W6762718338","https://openalex.org/W6764542186","https://openalex.org/W6768313602","https://openalex.org/W6769178228","https://openalex.org/W6784810453","https://openalex.org/W6790220185"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W4321353415","https://openalex.org/W2745001401","https://openalex.org/W2130974462","https://openalex.org/W2028665553","https://openalex.org/W2086519370","https://openalex.org/W4246352526","https://openalex.org/W2121910908","https://openalex.org/W4220926404","https://openalex.org/W3123344745"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,29,103,107,113,119,126,128,152,166,180,183,187,196,201,222,233],"continuous":[2],"development":[3],"of":[4,38,41,53,61,74,130,155,172,186,198,232],"computer":[5],"hardware":[6],"equipment":[7],"and":[8,55,148,221],"deep":[9],"learning":[10,67],"technology,":[11],"it":[12],"is":[13,101,110,122,133,159,162,190],"easier":[14],"for":[15,77,90,195],"people":[16],"to":[17,164,192],"swap":[18],"faces":[19],"in":[20,106,118,204],"videos":[21,132],"by":[22,112,125],"currently-emerging":[23],"multimedia":[24],"tampering":[25],"tools,":[26],"such":[27],"as":[28],"most":[30,60],"popular":[31],"deepfake.":[32],"It":[33],"would":[34],"bring":[35],"a":[36,71,85],"series":[37],"new":[39,51],"threats":[40],"security.":[42],"Although":[43],"many":[44],"forensic":[45],"researches":[46],"have":[47],"focused":[48],"on":[49,65,144,217],"this":[50,80],"type":[52],"manipulation":[54],"achieved":[56],"high":[57],"detection":[58,88],"accuracy,":[59],"which":[62,161,189],"are":[63],"based":[64,143],"supervised":[66],"mechanism":[68],"with":[69],"requiring":[70],"large":[72],"number":[73],"labeled":[75],"samples":[76],"training.":[78],"In":[79],"paper,":[81],"we":[82,178],"first":[83],"develop":[84],"novel":[86],"unsupervised":[87,212],"manner":[89],"identifying":[91],"deepfake":[92,120,202],"videos.":[93],"The":[94],"main":[95],"fundamental":[96],"behind":[97],"our":[98,137,210,218],"proposed":[99,211],"method":[100,138,213],"that":[102,231],"face":[104,184],"region":[105,185],"real":[108,174],"video":[109,121,157,170],"taken":[111],"camera":[114],"while":[115],"its":[116,173,228],"counterpart":[117],"usually":[123],"generated":[124],"computer;":[127],"provenance":[129],"two":[131,140],"totally":[134],"different.":[135],"Specifically,":[136],"includes":[139],"clustering":[141],"stages":[142],"Photo-Response":[145],"Non-Uniformity":[146],"(PRNU)":[147],"noiseprint":[149,181],"feature.":[150],"Firstly,":[151],"PRNU":[153],"fingerprint":[154],"each":[156,205],"frame":[158],"extracted,":[160],"used":[163,191],"cluster":[165],"full-size":[167],"identical":[168],"source":[169],"(regardless":[171],"or":[175],"fake).":[176],"Secondly,":[177],"extract":[179],"from":[182],"video,":[188],"identify":[193],"(re-cluster":[194],"task":[197],"binary":[199],"classification)":[200],"sample":[203],"cluster.":[206],"Numerical":[207],"experiments":[208],"verify":[209],"performs":[214],"very":[215],"well":[216],"own":[219],"dataset":[220],"benchmark":[223],"FF++":[224],"dataset.":[225],"More":[226],"importantly,":[227],"performance":[229],"rivals":[230],"supervised-based":[234],"state-of-the-art":[235],"detectors.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T09:21:30.201066","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}