{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3157201319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2022.3154600","title":"VCGAN: Video Colorization With Hybrid Generative Adversarial Network","display_name":"VCGAN: Video Colorization With Hybrid Generative Adversarial Network","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3157201319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2022.3154600","mag":"3157201319"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmm.2022.3154600","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2022.3154600","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137030581","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","issn_l":"1520-9210","issn":["1520-9210","1941-0077"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.12357","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071193469","display_name":"Yuzhi Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8561-2206"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuzhi Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8561-2206","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038133707","display_name":"Lai-Man Po","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5185-1492"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lai-Man Po","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5185-1492","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081706999","display_name":"Wing-Yin Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9559-1055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wing-Yin Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9559-1055","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008554311","display_name":"Yasar Abbas Ur Rehman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2945-7181"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250865144","display_name":"TCL (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04dzjva98","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250865144"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasar Abbas Ur Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["TCL Corporate Research, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2945-7181","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TCL Corporate Research, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250865144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086473815","display_name":"Mengyang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3527-6907"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2250653659","display_name":"Tencent (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhjss72","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengyang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tencent Video, Tencent Holdings Ltd., Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3527-6907","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tencent Video, Tencent Holdings Ltd., Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2250653659"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100430743","display_name":"Yujia Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3991-7388"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yujia Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005598259","display_name":"Weifeng Ou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8908-3863"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128910","display_name":"Group Sense (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/036wd5777","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210128910"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weifeng Ou","raw_affiliation_strings":["SenseTime Group Limited, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8908-3863","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SenseTime Group Limited, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128910"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5537,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":40,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94032843,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"3017","last_page":"3032"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9905999898910522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10531","display_name":"Advanced Vision and Imaging","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8828240633010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.8109173774719238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.5791577696800232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5465235710144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-adversarial-network","display_name":"Generative adversarial network","score":0.473137766122818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.1830020248889923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8828240633010864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.8109173774719238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.5791577696800232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5465235710144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988773926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25104379","display_name":"Generative adversarial network","level":3,"score":0.473137766122818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.1830020248889923}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmm.2022.3154600","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2022.3154600","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137030581","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","issn_l":"1520-9210","issn":["1520-9210","1941-0077"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2104.12357","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.12357","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.12357","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2104.12357","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2104.12357","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.12357","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W764651262","https://openalex.org/W1533861849","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W2009134399","https://openalex.org/W2040369854","https://openalex.org/W2099471712","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2120963736","https://openalex.org/W2129112648","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2136154655","https://openalex.org/W2160530465","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2240798854","https://openalex.org/W2294980445","https://openalex.org/W2295537950","https://openalex.org/W2308529009","https://openalex.org/W2326925005","https://openalex.org/W2331128040","https://openalex.org/W2344328033","https://openalex.org/W2461158874","https://openalex.org/W2470139095","https://openalex.org/W2502312327","https://openalex.org/W2562457735","https://openalex.org/W2584890299","https://openalex.org/W2590274298","https://openalex.org/W2612063021","https://openalex.org/W2739748921","https://openalex.org/W2804078698","https://openalex.org/W2886787375","https://openalex.org/W2957365494","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963181089","https://openalex.org/W2963330667","https://openalex.org/W2963800363","https://openalex.org/W2963836885","https://openalex.org/W2963879752","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964128214","https://openalex.org/W2964515596","https://openalex.org/W2969109746","https://openalex.org/W2979841973","https://openalex.org/W2982705924","https://openalex.org/W2994546229","https://openalex.org/W3008774220","https://openalex.org/W3010626953","https://openalex.org/W3034838697","https://openalex.org/W3100394409","https://openalex.org/W3102542372","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6631943919","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6724804524","https://openalex.org/W6741832134","https://openalex.org/W6745992979","https://openalex.org/W6748582592","https://openalex.org/W6752378368"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2888032422","https://openalex.org/W2996316059","https://openalex.org/W4385421777","https://openalex.org/W4377980832","https://openalex.org/W2897769091","https://openalex.org/W2845413374","https://openalex.org/W3005996785","https://openalex.org/W4297411772","https://openalex.org/W4235873501"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"propose":[1,151],"a":[2,46,102,152,175],"Video":[3],"Colorization":[4],"with":[5,167],"Hybrid":[6],"Generative":[7],"Adversarial":[8],"Network":[9],"(VCGAN),":[10],"an":[11],"improved":[12],"approach":[13],"to":[14,91,105,116,138],"video":[15,31,179],"colorization":[16,32,40,51,93,168],"using":[17],"end-to-end":[18],"learning":[19],"and":[20,36,42,53,75,169,182,192],"recurrent":[21],"architecture.":[22,48],"The":[23,80],"VCGAN":[24,62,133,173,189],"addresses":[25],"two":[26,66,163],"prevalent":[27],"issues":[28],"in":[29,61,114],"the":[30,37,56,59,85,96,107,110,122,131,136,144,158],"domain:":[33],"Temporal":[34],"consistency":[35,146],"unification":[38],"of":[39,58,88,109,147,161],"network":[41,44],"refinement":[43],"into":[45],"single":[47,140],"To":[49,142],"enhance":[50,92],"quality":[52],"spatiotemporal":[54,118,183],"consistency,":[55],"mainstream":[57],"generator":[60],"is":[63],"assisted":[64],"by":[65],"additional":[67],"networks,":[68],"<italic":[69],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[70],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">i.e.,</i>":[71],"global":[72,81,86],"feature":[73,77,82,98,126],"extractor":[74,83,99,127],"placeholder":[76,97,125],"extractor,":[78],"respectively.":[79],"encodes":[84],"semantics":[87,108],"grayscale":[89,129],"input":[90,123],"quality,":[94],"whereas":[95],"serves":[100],"as":[101,128],"feedback":[103],"connection":[104],"encode":[106],"previous":[111],"colorized":[112],"frame":[113],"order":[115],"maintain":[117],"consistency.":[119],"If":[120],"changing":[121],"for":[124],"input,":[130],"hybrid":[132],"also":[134],"has":[135],"potential":[137],"colorize":[139],"images.":[141],"improve":[143],"color":[145,180],"far":[148],"frames,":[149],"we":[150],"dense":[153],"long-term":[154],"loss":[155],"that":[156,188],"minimizes":[157],"temporal":[159,170],"disparity":[160],"every":[162],"remote":[164],"frames.":[165],"Trained":[166],"losses":[171],"jointly,":[172],"strikes":[174],"good":[176],"balance":[177],"between":[178],"vividness":[181],"continuity.":[184],"Experimental":[185],"results":[186],"demonstrate":[187],"produces":[190],"higher-quality":[191],"temporally":[193],"more":[194],"consistent":[195],"colorful":[196],"videos":[197],"than":[198],"existing":[199],"approaches.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
