{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205421564","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2021.3139467","title":"Cycle-Free Weakly Referring Expression Grounding With Self-Paced Learning","display_name":"Cycle-Free Weakly Referring Expression Grounding With Self-Paced Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205421564","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2021.3139467"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmm.2021.3139467","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2021.3139467","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137030581","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","issn_l":"1520-9210","issn":["1520-9210","1941-0077"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017171970","display_name":"Mingjie Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3697-7927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146655781","display_name":"University of Liverpool","ror":"https://ror.org/04xs57h96","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69356397","display_name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmrmn05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}],"countries":["CN","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingjie Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K","School of Advanced Technology, Xian Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3697-7927","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146655781"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Advanced Technology, Xian Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011918180","display_name":"Jimin Xiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9416-2486"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69356397","display_name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmrmn05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jimin Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Advanced Technology, Xian Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9416-2486","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Advanced Technology, Xian Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033755146","display_name":"Eng Gee Lim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0199-7386"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69356397","display_name":"Xi\u2019an Jiaotong-Liverpool University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zmrmn05","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eng Gee Lim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Advanced Technology, Xian Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0199-7386","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Advanced Technology, Xian Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69356397"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100362745","display_name":"Yao Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8581-9554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8581-9554","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Science, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8435,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87730843,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":null,"first_page":"1611","last_page":"1621"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence","display_name":"Sentence","score":0.8842250108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8092122077941895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.6594666242599487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expression","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","score":0.5577293038368225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5421590805053711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object","display_name":"Object (grammar)","score":0.5278403759002686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5141892433166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.47903576493263245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4368336498737335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.40479233860969543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.4009362757205963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3721361458301544}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777530160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796","display_name":"Sentence","level":2,"score":0.8842250108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8092122077941895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.6594666242599487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90559484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778379","display_name":"Expression (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5577293038368225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5421590805053711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781238097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175026","display_name":"Object (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.5278403759002686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5141892433166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.47903576493263245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4368336498737335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.40479233860969543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4009362757205963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3721361458301544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmm.2021.3139467","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2021.3139467","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137030581","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","issn_l":"1520-9210","issn":["1520-9210","1941-0077"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5400000214576721}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1794522962","display_name":"\u57fa\u4e8e\u6df1\u5ea6\u5b66\u4e60\u7684\u4ea4\u4e92\u5f0f\u591a\u89c6\u70b9\u89c6\u9891\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61972323","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3910816902","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018AAA0102100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5655896502","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62120106009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2214871046","https://openalex.org/W2247513039","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2250861254","https://openalex.org/W2251512949","https://openalex.org/W2358876993","https://openalex.org/W2489434015","https://openalex.org/W2494236530","https://openalex.org/W2527917904","https://openalex.org/W2600067905","https://openalex.org/W2740656851","https://openalex.org/W2755686789","https://openalex.org/W2757389665","https://openalex.org/W2889081631","https://openalex.org/W2927438889","https://openalex.org/W2952524542","https://openalex.org/W2953388933","https://openalex.org/W2963109634","https://openalex.org/W2963389687","https://openalex.org/W2963445828","https://openalex.org/W2963705779","https://openalex.org/W2964001806","https://openalex.org/W2964345792","https://openalex.org/W2981663434","https://openalex.org/W2987401211","https://openalex.org/W2987734933","https://openalex.org/W2988823324","https://openalex.org/W2996952120","https://openalex.org/W3034316193","https://openalex.org/W3034655362","https://openalex.org/W3034689697","https://openalex.org/W3034730770","https://openalex.org/W3034772468","https://openalex.org/W3034984754","https://openalex.org/W3035080658","https://openalex.org/W3035160838","https://openalex.org/W3035218869","https://openalex.org/W3035284526","https://openalex.org/W3035323998","https://openalex.org/W3035454331","https://openalex.org/W3035497460","https://openalex.org/W3035517717","https://openalex.org/W3035552787","https://openalex.org/W3035605030","https://openalex.org/W3035644209","https://openalex.org/W3081290089","https://openalex.org/W3087782943","https://openalex.org/W3098232790","https://openalex.org/W3108373531","https://openalex.org/W3108512475","https://openalex.org/W3109643012","https://openalex.org/W3110042533","https://openalex.org/W3126391825","https://openalex.org/W3150679290","https://openalex.org/W3154169267","https://openalex.org/W3167142517","https://openalex.org/W3182736162","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6636510571","https://openalex.org/W6639102338","https://openalex.org/W6723035356","https://openalex.org/W6757902542","https://openalex.org/W6785816937","https://openalex.org/W6792405717"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2375873920","https://openalex.org/W3037187668","https://openalex.org/W2146114872","https://openalex.org/W2392060890","https://openalex.org/W2392760275","https://openalex.org/W2083530853","https://openalex.org/W2982905616","https://openalex.org/W2009831055","https://openalex.org/W2393172683","https://openalex.org/W2368686738"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,52,142,156],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,158],"are":[4],"tackling":[5],"the":[6,14,27,30,39,55,62,66,71,81,85,88,96,100,109,113,118,124,128,148,152,172,187,190,194,206,210,214],"weakly":[7],"referring":[8],"expression":[9],"grounding":[10],"task":[11],"to":[12,21,50,61,77,98,170,186,204],"localize":[13],"target":[15,125],"object":[16],"in":[17],"an":[18],"image":[19,34],"according":[20,185],"a":[22,46,78,133,160,164,180,198,221],"given":[23],"query":[24,31,56,93,195],"sentence,":[25],"where":[26,54,163],"mapping":[28],"between":[29,87,189],"sentence":[32,57,79,90],"and":[33,69,91,179,193,227],"regions":[35],"is":[36,58,74,168,183,202],"blind":[37],"during":[38,209],"training":[40],"period.":[41],"Previous":[42],"methods":[43],"all":[44,232],"follow":[45],"cyclic":[47],"forward-backward":[48],"pipeline":[49],"handle":[51],"task,":[53],"firstly":[59],"converted":[60,75],"result":[63,72,114,181],"region":[64,73,165,182],"through":[65,80,117],"forward":[67,119],"module,":[68,83,120],"then":[70],"back":[76],"backward":[82,129],"with":[84,231],"difference":[86],"reconstructed":[89],"original":[92],"used":[94],"as":[95],"loss":[97,138],"optimize":[99],"entire":[101],"network.":[102],"These":[103],"existing":[104],"methods,":[105],"however,":[106],"suffer":[107],"from":[108,123],"deviation":[110,145],"issue":[111,208],"when":[112],"region,":[115,178],"generated":[116],"totally":[121],"deviates":[122],"area,":[126],"but":[127],"module":[130],"still":[131],"reconstructs":[132],"similar":[134],"sentence.":[135,153,196],"The":[136,217],"aforementioned":[137],"function":[139],"cannot":[140],"penalize":[141],"kind":[143],"of":[144,147,151,213],"because":[146],"consistent":[149],"prediction":[150],"To":[154],"overcome":[155],"limitation,":[157],"propose":[159],"cycle-free":[161],"pipeline,":[162],"describer":[166],"network":[167],"designed":[169,203],"predict":[171],"textual":[173],"description":[174,192],"for":[175],"each":[176],"candidate":[177],"selected":[184],"similarity":[188],"predicted":[191],"Furthermore,":[197],"self-paced":[199],"learning":[200],"mechanism":[201],"avoid":[205],"drift":[207],"warm-up":[211],"period":[212],"optimization":[215],"process.":[216],"proposed":[218],"method":[219],"achieves":[220],"higher":[222],"average":[223],"accuracy":[224],"on":[225],"RefCOCO":[226],"RefCOCO+":[228],"datasets,":[229],"compared":[230],"previous":[233],"state-of-the-art":[234],"methods.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
