{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3138284076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2021.3065232","title":"Multilevel Anomaly Detection Through Variational Autoencoders and Bayesian Models for Self-Aware Embodied Agents","display_name":"Multilevel Anomaly Detection Through Variational Autoencoders and Bayesian Models for Self-Aware Embodied Agents","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3138284076","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2021.3065232","mag":"3138284076"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmm.2021.3065232","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2021.3065232","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137030581","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","issn_l":"1520-9210","issn":["1520-9210","1941-0077"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048444161","display_name":"Giulia Slavic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3641-3483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Giulia Slavic","raw_affiliation_strings":["DITEN, University of Genoa Faculty of Engineering, Genova, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DITEN, University of Genoa Faculty of Engineering, Genova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067321490","display_name":"Mohamad Baydoun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5194-1730"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamad Baydoun","raw_affiliation_strings":["DITEN, Universit&#x00E1; degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DITEN, Universit&#x00E1; degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007586148","display_name":"Damian Campo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3720-9759"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Damian Campo","raw_affiliation_strings":["DITEN, Universit&#x00E1; degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DITEN, Universit&#x00E1; degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019722167","display_name":"Lucio Marcenaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1515-120X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucio Marcenaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["DITEN, Universit&#x00E1; degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DITEN, Universit&#x00E1; degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055281228","display_name":"Carlo S. Regazzoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6617-1417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","display_name":"University of Genoa","ror":"https://ror.org/0107c5v14","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlo Regazzoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["DITEN, Universit&#x00E1; degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DITEN, Universit&#x00E1; degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048444161"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3388,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95114807,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":null,"first_page":"1399","last_page":"1414"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12391","display_name":"Artificial Immune Systems Applications","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.8808002471923828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8372350931167603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6840927600860596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.671461284160614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.5145651698112488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.4832504391670227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.46912717819213867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4639676809310913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abstraction","display_name":"Abstraction","score":0.4529024064540863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.43557488918304443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-bayesian-network","display_name":"Dynamic Bayesian network","score":0.4123697876930237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-probability","display_name":"Bayesian probability","score":0.40380215644836426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3937162160873413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.37631332874298096}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.8808002471923828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8372350931167603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6840927600860596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.671461284160614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.5145651698112488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.4832504391670227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.46912717819213867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4639676809310913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124304363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q673661","display_name":"Abstraction","level":2,"score":0.4529024064540863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.43557488918304443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82142266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3456604","display_name":"Dynamic Bayesian network","level":3,"score":0.4123697876930237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.40380215644836426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3937162160873413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.37631332874298096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmm.2021.3065232","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2021.3065232","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137030581","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","issn_l":"1520-9210","issn":["1520-9210","1941-0077"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unige.it:11567/1045183","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11567/1045183","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196291","display_name":"CINECA IRIS Institutial Research Information System (University of Genoa)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I83816512","host_organization_name":"University of Genoa","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83816512"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W114565888","https://openalex.org/W1568586930","https://openalex.org/W1595717062","https://openalex.org/W1749494163","https://openalex.org/W1963949534","https://openalex.org/W2060608798","https://openalex.org/W2103394661","https://openalex.org/W2108287924","https://openalex.org/W2130167438","https://openalex.org/W2132003317","https://openalex.org/W2138092272","https://openalex.org/W2153418039","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2163612318","https://openalex.org/W2164261375","https://openalex.org/W2299778380","https://openalex.org/W2343204888","https://openalex.org/W2460849547","https://openalex.org/W2479936045","https://openalex.org/W2559927751","https://openalex.org/W2562900330","https://openalex.org/W2665124875","https://openalex.org/W2738136547","https://openalex.org/W2753526808","https://openalex.org/W2766042539","https://openalex.org/W2777288981","https://openalex.org/W2784226479","https://openalex.org/W2790344751","https://openalex.org/W2796762894","https://openalex.org/W2803469628","https://openalex.org/W2891442281","https://openalex.org/W2899160681","https://openalex.org/W2903380502","https://openalex.org/W2908941882","https://openalex.org/W2911200746","https://openalex.org/W2915671248","https://openalex.org/W2945495590","https://openalex.org/W2962850830","https://openalex.org/W2963193706","https://openalex.org/W2963366965","https://openalex.org/W2963610939","https://openalex.org/W2964032056","https://openalex.org/W2980623555","https://openalex.org/W2982875523","https://openalex.org/W2990266374","https://openalex.org/W2991506670","https://openalex.org/W2994160805","https://openalex.org/W3012200311","https://openalex.org/W3015879326","https://openalex.org/W3016271378","https://openalex.org/W3019131160","https://openalex.org/W3023100680","https://openalex.org/W3088240102","https://openalex.org/W3089804341","https://openalex.org/W3094528781","https://openalex.org/W3100850306","https://openalex.org/W3104219616","https://openalex.org/W3104293058","https://openalex.org/W3112684358","https://openalex.org/W3122585939","https://openalex.org/W4206566734","https://openalex.org/W4220671231","https://openalex.org/W6623316541","https://openalex.org/W6628877408","https://openalex.org/W6640963894","https://openalex.org/W6680294583","https://openalex.org/W6719357382","https://openalex.org/W6730548322","https://openalex.org/W6744063608","https://openalex.org/W6759517920","https://openalex.org/W6760368558","https://openalex.org/W6768934218"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4287995534","https://openalex.org/W2998168123","https://openalex.org/W2897995864","https://openalex.org/W3105816646","https://openalex.org/W2292254049","https://openalex.org/W2592385986","https://openalex.org/W4376852344","https://openalex.org/W4281924768","https://openalex.org/W3044458868","https://openalex.org/W2076520961"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Anomaly":[0],"detection":[1,139],"constitutes":[2],"a":[3,42,56,74,125,132],"fundamental":[4],"step":[5],"in":[6,47,112,131],"developing":[7],"self-aware":[8],"autonomous":[9],"agents":[10],"capable":[11],"of":[12,64],"continuously":[13],"learning":[14],"from":[15,25,124],"new":[16],"situations,":[17],"as":[18],"it":[19],"enables":[20],"to":[21,60,88,104],"distinguish":[22],"novel":[23],"experiences":[24],"already":[26],"encountered":[27],"ones.":[28],"This":[29],"paper":[30],"combines":[31],"Dynamic":[32],"Bayesian":[33],"Networks":[34,38],"(DBNs)":[35],"and":[36,40,67,81,84,109],"Neural":[37],"(NNs)":[39],"proposes":[41],"method":[43],"for":[44],"detecting":[45],"anomalies":[46,111],"video":[48,65,113,122],"data":[49,91,123],"at":[50],"different":[51,121,129],"abstraction":[52],"levels.":[53],"We":[54],"use":[55],"Variational":[57],"Autoencoder":[58],"(VAE)":[59],"reduce":[61],"the":[62,106],"dimensionality":[63],"frames,":[66],"Optical":[68],"Flows":[69],"between":[70],"subsequent":[71],"images,":[72],"generating":[73],"latent":[75],"space":[76],"that":[77,85],"captures":[78],"both":[79],"visual":[80],"dynamical":[82],"information":[83],"is":[86,102,118],"comparable":[87],"low-dimensional":[89],"sensory":[90],"(e.g.,":[92],"positioning,":[93],"steering":[94],"angle).":[95],"An":[96],"Adapted":[97],"Markov":[98],"Jump":[99],"Particle":[100],"Filter":[101],"employed":[103],"predict":[105],"following":[107],"frames":[108],"detect":[110],"data.":[114],"Our":[115],"method\u2019s":[116],"evaluation":[117],"executed":[119],"using":[120],"semi-autonomous":[126],"vehicle":[127],"performing":[128],"tasks":[130],"closed":[133],"environment.":[134],"Tests":[135],"on":[136],"benchmark":[137],"anomaly":[138],"datasets":[140],"have":[141],"additionally":[142],"been":[143],"conducted.":[144]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2021-03-29T00:00:00"}
