{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3023138874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2020.2991592","title":"SAL:Selection and Attention Losses for Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation","display_name":"SAL:Selection and Attention Losses for Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3023138874","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2020.2991592","mag":"3023138874"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmm.2020.2991592","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2020.2991592","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137030581","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","issn_l":"1520-9210","issn":["1520-9210","1941-0077"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101408920","display_name":"Lei Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4020-9023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I148128674","display_name":"University of Shanghai for Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00ay9v204","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lei Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China","Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Assistive Devices, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Assistive Devices, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030222911","display_name":"Chen Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4092-9856"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong","PCA Lab, the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Systems for High-Dimensional Information of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"PCA Lab, the Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Systems for High-Dimensional Information of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100382312","display_name":"Zhi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8428-1131"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113940042","display_name":"Shanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/006teas31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Institute for Advanced Communication and Data Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042631401","display_name":"Keren Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3195-2077"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125143","display_name":"Chengdu University","ror":"https://ror.org/034z67559","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24185976","display_name":"Sichuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/011ashp19","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keren Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125143","https://openalex.org/I24185976"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101408920"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I148128674"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4194,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":57,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93851247,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":null,"first_page":"1035","last_page":"1048"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11307","display_name":"Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11714","display_name":"Multimodal Machine Learning Applications","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8597921133041382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.8198657035827637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pascal","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","score":0.667512059211731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6656519174575806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting","display_name":"Weighting","score":0.5038782954216003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.49661141633987427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.4671439826488495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.41174548864364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4098843038082123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.32253870368003845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.19684699177742004}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8597921133041382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.8198657035827637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75608658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44395","display_name":"Pascal (unit)","level":2,"score":0.667512059211731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6656519174575806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183115368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577","display_name":"Weighting","level":2,"score":0.5038782954216003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.49661141633987427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.4671439826488495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.41174548864364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4098843038082123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32253870368003845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.19684699177742004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmm.2020.2991592","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmm.2020.2991592","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S137030581","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","issn_l":"1520-9210","issn":["1520-9210","1941-0077"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Multimedia","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6100000143051147,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4929346319","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61771301","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6779693194","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61906121","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7992385955","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61973162","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1529410181","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W2010181071","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2133515615","https://openalex.org/W2144794286","https://openalex.org/W2178928294","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2295107390","https://openalex.org/W2306289963","https://openalex.org/W2312198368","https://openalex.org/W2337429362","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2531897166","https://openalex.org/W2557615495","https://openalex.org/W2585521554","https://openalex.org/W2585747585","https://openalex.org/W2600144439","https://openalex.org/W2605214291","https://openalex.org/W2606129492","https://openalex.org/W2742400085","https://openalex.org/W2768340063","https://openalex.org/W2776207810","https://openalex.org/W2792945361","https://openalex.org/W2798376494","https://openalex.org/W2798683932","https://openalex.org/W2798715809","https://openalex.org/W2799124825","https://openalex.org/W2813911573","https://openalex.org/W2883554151","https://openalex.org/W2886904239","https://openalex.org/W2888965908","https://openalex.org/W2904856451","https://openalex.org/W2920326761","https://openalex.org/W2956648669","https://openalex.org/W2962758679","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2962858109","https://openalex.org/W2963271314","https://openalex.org/W2963299740","https://openalex.org/W2963346885","https://openalex.org/W2963447011","https://openalex.org/W2963606198","https://openalex.org/W2963670239","https://openalex.org/W2963977581","https://openalex.org/W2964001806","https://openalex.org/W2964274719","https://openalex.org/W2980189057","https://openalex.org/W2982093251","https://openalex.org/W2991083560","https://openalex.org/W2991366018","https://openalex.org/W3121626821","https://openalex.org/W4289367614","https://openalex.org/W6631611276","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6653248861","https://openalex.org/W6698113398","https://openalex.org/W6736301864","https://openalex.org/W6755402806","https://openalex.org/W6767856356"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2180954594","https://openalex.org/W2052835778","https://openalex.org/W2049003611","https://openalex.org/W2127804977","https://openalex.org/W4286681602","https://openalex.org/W3209312100","https://openalex.org/W1522196789","https://openalex.org/W2787282551","https://openalex.org/W2963676873","https://openalex.org/W2020477327"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Training":[0],"a":[1,8,116,128],"fully":[2],"supervised":[3,38,225],"semantic":[4,26,166],"segmentation":[5,27,39,53,83,92,136,167,226],"network":[6,54,93,168,205,208],"requires":[7],"large":[9],"amount":[10],"of":[11,73,80,135,217],"expensive":[12],"pixel-level":[13,159],"annotations":[14,46,67,72,96,125],"in":[15,105],"manual":[16],"labor.":[17],"In":[18,87],"this":[19,106],"work,":[20],"we":[21,162],"focus":[22],"on":[23,57,127,181,198],"studying":[24],"the":[25,44,52,58,78,81,91,109,123,133,143,153,172,177,199,210,215,218],"problem":[28],"using":[29,94],"only":[30],"image-level":[31],"supervision.":[32],"An":[33],"effective":[34],"scheme":[35],"for":[36,131],"weakly":[37,224],"is":[40,55,68,119,149],"employed":[41],"to":[42,89,151],"produce":[43],"proxy":[45,61,71,124],"via":[47],"image":[48,145],"tags":[49,146],"firstly.":[50],"Then":[51],"retrained":[56],"generated":[59],"noisy":[60,66,95],"annotations.":[62],"However,":[63],"learning":[64],"from":[65],"risky,":[69],"as":[70,147,194,209],"poor":[74],"quality":[75,134],"may":[76],"deteriorate":[77],"performance":[79,189],"baseline":[82],"and":[84,112,196,206,230],"classification":[85,154],"networks.":[86],"order":[88],"train":[90],"more":[97],"effectively,":[98],"two":[99,174],"novel":[100],"loss":[101,111,118,141],"functions":[102],"are":[103,232],"proposed":[104,219],"paper,":[107],"namely,":[108],"selection":[110,117],"attention":[113,140],"loss.":[114],"Firstly,":[115],"designed":[120],"by":[121,157,171,202],"weighting":[122],"based":[126],"coarse-to-fine":[129],"strategy":[130],"evaluating":[132],"masks.":[137],"Secondly,":[138],"an":[139,164],"taking":[142,203],"clean":[144],"supervision":[148],"utilized":[150],"correct":[152],"errors":[155],"caused":[156],"ambiguous":[158],"labels.":[160],"Finally,":[161],"propose":[163],"end-to-end":[165],"SAL-Net":[169,186],"guided":[170],"above":[173],"losses.":[175],"From":[176],"extensive":[178],"experiments":[179],"conducted":[180],"PASCAL":[182],"VOC":[183],"2012":[184],"dataset,":[185],"reaches":[187],"state-of-the-art":[188],"with":[190],"mean":[191],"IoU":[192],"(mIoU)":[193],"62.5%":[195],"66.6%":[197],"test":[200],"set":[201],"VGG16":[204],"ResNet101":[207],"baselines":[211],"respectively,":[212],"which":[213],"demonstrates":[214],"superiority":[216],"algorithm":[220],"over":[221],"eight":[222],"representative":[223],"methods.":[227],"The":[228],"code":[229],"models":[231],"available":[233],"at":[234],"https://github.com/zmbhou/SALTMM.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}