{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7155387043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2026.3687008","title":"Revisiting Reconstruction-Based Anomaly Detection for Whole-Slide Image","display_name":"Revisiting Reconstruction-Based Anomaly Detection for Whole-Slide Image","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7155387043","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2026.3687008","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42024950"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2026.3687008","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2026.3687008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134423050","display_name":"Bin Xiao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bin Xiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117097937","display_name":"Collins Wangulu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Collins Wangulu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1716-0357","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134447129","display_name":"Theodorus van der Kwast","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Theodorus van der Kwast","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038476466","display_name":"George M. Yousef","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George M. Yousef","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3859-779X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134447098","display_name":"Fatemeh Zabihollahy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatemeh Zabihollahy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.43636482,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"7","first_page":"3835","last_page":"3848"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.8855000138282776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.8855000138282776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.017999999225139618,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12391","display_name":"Artificial Immune Systems Applications","score":0.006899999920278788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.4966999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.4271000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anomaly-detection","display_name":"Anomaly detection","score":0.4221000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.38920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterative-reconstruction","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","score":0.3529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.35269999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.3149999976158142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6617000102996826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6373999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5408999919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4966999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.4271000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.4221000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.38920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141379421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6094427","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","level":2,"score":0.3529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35269999504089355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12997251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q567560","display_name":"Anomaly (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3102000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.28220000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10929652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7279985","display_name":"Radar imaging","level":3,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166704113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861092","display_name":"Image registration","level":3,"score":0.27549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193536780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1513153","display_name":"Edge detection","level":4,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126422989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93586","display_name":"Feature detection (computer vision)","level":4,"score":0.2628999948501587}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001943","descriptor_name":"Breast Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001943","descriptor_name":"Breast Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001943","descriptor_name":"Breast Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001943","descriptor_name":"Breast Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011471","descriptor_name":"Prostatic Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011471","descriptor_name":"Prostatic Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011471","descriptor_name":"Prostatic Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011471","descriptor_name":"Prostatic Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2026.3687008","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2026.3687008","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42024950","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42024950","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on medical imaging","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7871996222","display_name":"Development of the first pre-operative serum exosomal miRNA test to guide treatment decision in prostate cancer","funder_award_id":"PJT162304","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334506","funder_display_name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334506","display_name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01gavpb45"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2760103357","https://openalex.org/W2772723798","https://openalex.org/W2914570111","https://openalex.org/W2949226441","https://openalex.org/W2964137095","https://openalex.org/W2974825848","https://openalex.org/W3118600296","https://openalex.org/W3135547872","https://openalex.org/W3159481202","https://openalex.org/W3166166117","https://openalex.org/W3169651898","https://openalex.org/W4292851291","https://openalex.org/W4312605624","https://openalex.org/W4312772600","https://openalex.org/W4313156423","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4385948838","https://openalex.org/W4390880024","https://openalex.org/W4392947521","https://openalex.org/W4392947532","https://openalex.org/W4398201291","https://openalex.org/W4402917235","https://openalex.org/W4403049122","https://openalex.org/W4403840964","https://openalex.org/W4406168947","https://openalex.org/W4407632484","https://openalex.org/W4414316865","https://openalex.org/W4414350491","https://openalex.org/W4414364252","https://openalex.org/W4415056349","https://openalex.org/W4415913530","https://openalex.org/W4416094033","https://openalex.org/W7133199689","https://openalex.org/W7133227337"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Whole":[0],"Slide":[1],"Images":[2],"(WSIs)":[3],"have":[4,64,102],"been":[5,66],"widely":[6],"used":[7],"in":[8,69,105,118,213,227],"computational":[9],"pathology":[10],"(CPath)":[11],"for":[12,221],"various":[13],"tasks.":[14],"However,":[15],"obtaining":[16],"high-quality":[17],"annotations":[18],"remains":[19],"a":[20,29],"major":[21],"bottleneck.":[22],"Task-aware":[23],"unsupervised":[24,224],"anomaly":[25,61,106,225],"detection":[26,62,107,226],"models":[27,63,117],"offer":[28],"promising":[30],"alternative,":[31],"as":[32,50,161,184,186],"they":[33],"are":[34],"trained":[35],"solely":[36],"on":[37,54,136,174,198],"task-specific":[38],"normal":[39],"data":[40],"and":[41,91,130,141,179],"can":[42,164,231],"be":[43,232],"adapted":[44],"to":[45,84,88,128,144],"clinically":[46],"defined":[47],"objectives,":[48],"such":[49,116],"cancer":[51,181],"detection,":[52,183],"depending":[53],"the":[55,70,92,113,119,125,147,195],"problem":[56],"formulation.":[57],"Despite":[58],"this":[59,109],"potential,":[60],"not":[65],"thoroughly":[67],"explored":[68],"context":[71,120],"of":[72,95,115,121,150,189],"WSIs.":[73,96,151,202],"Existing":[74],"approaches":[75],"often":[76],"directly":[77],"adopt":[78],"techniques":[79],"from":[80,201],"other":[81],"domains,":[82],"leading":[83],"suboptimal":[85],"performance":[86],"due":[87],"domain":[89],"discrepancies":[90],"unique":[93],"characteristics":[94],"Given":[97],"that":[98,207],"feature":[99],"reconstruction-based":[100],"methods":[101],"become":[103],"popular":[104],"research,":[108],"study":[110],"first":[111],"analyzes":[112],"designs":[114],"conditional":[122],"reconstruction,":[123],"revealing":[124],"potential":[126],"directions":[127],"adapt":[129],"further":[131],"improve":[132],"these":[133],"models.":[134],"Based":[135],"our":[137],"analysis,":[138],"we":[139,153],"revisit":[140],"refine":[142],"them":[143],"better":[145],"accommodate":[146],"distinct":[148],"properties":[149],"Moreover,":[152],"propose":[154],"an":[155],"Explicit":[156],"Conditional":[157],"Reconstruction":[158],"framework,":[159],"termed":[160],"ECR4AD,":[162],"which":[163],"significantly":[165],"enhance":[166],"model":[167],"performance.":[168],"Our":[169],"method":[170],"is":[171],"comprehensively":[172],"evaluated":[173],"four":[175],"datasets":[176],"covering":[177],"breast":[178],"prostate":[180,190],"metastasis":[182],"well":[185],"Gleason":[187],"grading":[188],"cancer,":[191],"all":[192,216],"conducted":[193],"at":[194,234],"tile":[196],"level":[197],"images":[199],"extracted":[200],"The":[203,229],"experimental":[204],"results":[205],"show":[206],"ECR4AD":[208],"consistently":[209],"achieves":[210],"substantial":[211],"improvements":[212],"AUROC":[214],"across":[215],"datasets,":[217],"demonstrating":[218],"its":[219],"effectiveness":[220],"tile-level":[222],"task-aware":[223],"CPath.":[228],"code":[230],"found":[233],"https://github.com/uobinxiao/wsi_anomaly_detection.git.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-12T21:12:35.861297","created_date":"2026-04-24T00:00:00"}
