{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7116666402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2025.3647129","title":"GSR: A Gaussian Splatting-Based Reconstruction Framework for EIT","display_name":"GSR: A Gaussian Splatting-Based Reconstruction Framework for EIT","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7116666402","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2025.3647129","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41428926"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2025.3647129","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2025.3647129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120949833","display_name":"Dong Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I308837","display_name":"Suzhou University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04en8wb91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I308837"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9645-7683","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I308837","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120951988","display_name":"Haoyuan Xia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I308837","display_name":"Suzhou University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04en8wb91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I308837"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haoyuan Xia","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9660-536X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I308837","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101883357","display_name":"Chuyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0050-4922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I308837","display_name":"Suzhou University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04en8wb91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I308837"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6739-7214","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I308837","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120991590","display_name":"Hongyan Xiang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I308837","display_name":"Suzhou University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04en8wb91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I308837"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongyan Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I308837","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121007109","display_name":"Yukang Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I308837","display_name":"Suzhou University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04en8wb91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I308837"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yukang Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I308837","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120996606","display_name":"S. Kevin Zhou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I308837","display_name":"Suzhou University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04en8wb91","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I308837"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Kevin Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6881-4444","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I308837","https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4626,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.71434541,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"5","first_page":"2089","last_page":"2099"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11778","display_name":"Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography","score":0.9722999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11778","display_name":"Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography","score":0.9722999930381775,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.008200000040233135,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11205","display_name":"Numerical methods in inverse problems","score":0.003599999938160181,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2610","display_name":"Mathematical Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-impedance-tomography","display_name":"Electrical impedance tomography","score":0.7376000285148621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.6330999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rendering","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","score":0.5663999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterative-reconstruction","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","score":0.5526000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-problem","display_name":"Inverse problem","score":0.5034999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regularization","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","score":0.4162999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basis-function","display_name":"Basis function","score":0.40869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-function","display_name":"Gaussian function","score":0.3806000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bridging","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","score":0.3799999952316284}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155175808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1326472","display_name":"Electrical impedance tomography","level":3,"score":0.7376000285148621},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6952999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.6330999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205711294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176953","display_name":"Rendering (computer graphics)","level":2,"score":0.5663999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141379421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6094427","display_name":"Iterative reconstruction","level":2,"score":0.5526000261306763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5396999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135252773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1567213","display_name":"Inverse problem","level":2,"score":0.5034999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4821999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4260999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776135515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143721","display_name":"Regularization (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4162999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5917680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2621825","display_name":"Basis function","level":2,"score":0.40869998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7218915","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054475","display_name":"Gaussian function","level":3,"score":0.3806000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174348530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635","display_name":"Bridging (networking)","level":2,"score":0.3799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61326573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1496376","display_name":"Gaussian process","level":3,"score":0.3652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.33169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166550679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q263400","display_name":"Gaussian network model","level":3,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65892221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1113935","display_name":"Gaussian filter","level":3,"score":0.32100000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81388566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q526668","display_name":"Sigmoid function","level":3,"score":0.311599999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44185422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6002064","display_name":"Image-based modeling and rendering","level":3,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.30489999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267","display_name":"Tomography","level":2,"score":0.2912999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77660652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150971","display_name":"Computer graphics","level":2,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.26829999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91873725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3445816","display_name":"Function approximation","level":3,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207467116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4385666","display_name":"Inverse","level":2,"score":0.2531999945640564}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014054","descriptor_name":"Tomography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016011","descriptor_name":"Normal Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017097","descriptor_name":"Electric Impedance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019047","descriptor_name":"Phantoms, Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2025.3647129","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2025.3647129","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41428926","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41428926","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on medical imaging","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G501860619","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62371433","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,153],"paper":[1],"introduces":[2],"2D":[3],"Gaussian":[4,59],"Splatting":[5],"(GS)":[6],"to":[7,77,94,103],"Electrical":[8],"Impedance":[9],"Tomography":[10],"(EIT),":[11],"marking":[12],"its":[13],"first":[14],"application":[15],"in":[16,136],"this":[17],"field.":[18],"Initially":[19],"developed":[20],"for":[21,158],"computer":[22,173],"vision":[23,174],"tasks":[24],"such":[25],"as":[26,55,64],"scene":[27],"reconstruction,":[28],"GS":[29],"enables":[30],"continuous":[31],"representation":[32,79],"and":[33,75,84,99,117,128,165,175],"efficient":[34],"rendering":[35,161],"of":[36,58,146,150],"high-resolution":[37],"images.":[38],"Building":[39],"on":[40,114],"these":[41],"capabilities,":[42],"we":[43,87],"propose":[44],"a":[45,56,89,100,108],"novel":[46],"GS-based":[47],"EIT":[48,164],"reconstruction":[49,137],"framework":[50],"that":[51,121],"models":[52],"conductivity":[53,105],"distributions":[54],"set":[57],"kernels.":[60],"These":[61],"kernels":[62],"act":[63],"localized":[65],"basis":[66],"functions,":[67],"dynamically":[68],"adjusting":[69],"their":[70],"parameters":[71],"(e.g.,":[72],"position,":[73],"covariance,":[74],"amplitude)":[76],"enhance":[78],"accuracy.":[80],"To":[81],"ensure":[82],"regularization":[83],"physical":[85,110],"constraints,":[86],"integrate":[88],"threshold-adjusted":[90],"ReLU":[91],"activation":[92],"function":[93,102],"filter":[95],"out":[96],"insignificant":[97],"components":[98,149],"Sigmoid":[101],"constrain":[104],"values":[106],"within":[107],"valid":[109],"range.":[111],"Experimental":[112],"results":[113],"both":[115],"simulated":[116],"real":[118],"datasets":[119],"demonstrate":[120],"our":[122,151],"approach":[123],"outperforms":[124],"traditional":[125],"model-driven":[126],"methods":[127,135],"is":[129],"competitive":[130],"with":[131],"conventional":[132],"neural":[133],"network-based":[134],"quality.":[138],"Furthermore,":[139],"systematic":[140],"ablation":[141],"studies":[142],"confirm":[143],"the":[144,147,170],"effectiveness":[145],"key":[148],"framework.":[152],"work":[154],"opens":[155],"new":[156],"possibilities":[157],"integrating":[159],"advanced":[160],"techniques":[162],"into":[163],"inverse":[166],"problem":[167],"solving,":[168],"bridging":[169],"gap":[171],"between":[172],"biomedical":[176],"imaging.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-08T13:12:06.581006","created_date":"2025-12-22T00:00:00"}
