{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4415124280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2025.3620585","title":"CiSeg: Unsupervised Cross-Modality Adaptation for 3D Medical Image Segmentation via Causal Intervention","display_name":"CiSeg: Unsupervised Cross-Modality Adaptation for 3D Medical Image Segmentation via Causal Intervention","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-10-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4415124280","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2025.3620585","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41082440"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2025.3620585","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2025.3620585","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056259091","display_name":"Peiqing Lv","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8774-2041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peiqing Lv","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Intelligence Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China","School of intelligence Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8774-2041","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligence Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of intelligence Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025640070","display_name":"Yaonan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0519-6458"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92403157","display_name":"University of Science and Technology Beijing","ror":"https://ror.org/02egmk993","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yaonan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Intelligence Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China","School of intelligence Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0519-6458","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Intelligence Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of intelligence Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92403157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100343854","display_name":"Min Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6406-4896"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical and Information Engineering and the National Engineering Research Center of Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China","National Engineering Research Center of Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6406-4896","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering and the National Engineering Research Center of Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100637705","display_name":"Zhe Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5350-0795"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical and Information Engineering and the National Engineering Research Center of Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China","National Engineering Research Center of Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5350-0795","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering and the National Engineering Research Center of Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085684328","display_name":"Yunfeng Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4539-2043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunfeng Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical and Information Engineering and the National Engineering Research Center of Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China","National Engineering Research Center of Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4539-2043","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering and the National Engineering Research Center of Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101436881","display_name":"Licheng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4891-9211"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16609230","display_name":"Hunan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05htk5m33","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Licheng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical and Information Engineering and the National Engineering Research Center of Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China","National Engineering Research Center of Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4891-9211","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical and Information Engineering and the National Engineering Research Center of Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Engineering Research Center of Robot Visual Perception and Control Technology, College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16609230"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023548565","display_name":"Erik Meijering","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8015-8358"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erik Meijering","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8015-8358","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.24911147,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"45","issue":"4","first_page":"1293","last_page":"1310"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spurious-relationship","display_name":"Spurious relationship","score":0.6599000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.5913000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5073000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causal-inference","display_name":"Causal inference","score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization","display_name":"Generalization","score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.45669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.448199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/consistency","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","score":0.4302000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.40880000591278076}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7174000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7032999992370605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.6599000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.5913000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5073000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4948999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.48399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.45669999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.448199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.4302000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.40880000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.39959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.3450999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776434776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19246213","display_name":"Domain adaptation","level":3,"score":0.3352999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.3269999921321869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139807058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352374","display_name":"Adaptation (eye)","level":2,"score":0.32330000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207685749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088941","display_name":"Domain knowledge","level":2,"score":0.32120001316070557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163504300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2364925","display_name":"Causal structure","level":2,"score":0.30309998989105225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.2784999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160920958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662746","display_name":"Synthetic data","level":2,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11671645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054567","display_name":"Causal model","level":2,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51167844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4422623","display_name":"Latent variable","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.2529999911785126}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069558","descriptor_name":"Unsupervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069558","descriptor_name":"Unsupervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069558","descriptor_name":"Unsupervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D021621","descriptor_name":"Imaging, Three-Dimensional","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D021621","descriptor_name":"Imaging, Three-Dimensional","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D021621","descriptor_name":"Imaging, Three-Dimensional","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2025.3620585","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2025.3620585","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41082440","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41082440","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on medical imaging","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1085509035","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62221002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6984645349","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62425305","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7816055531","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22B2050","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unsupervised":[0],"domain":[1,6,15,22,30,84],"adaptation":[2],"(UDA)":[3],"addresses":[4],"the":[5,43,57,82,93,111],"shift":[7],"problem":[8],"by":[9],"transferring":[10],"knowledge":[11],"from":[12,89],"labeled":[13],"source":[14,83,112],"data":[16,23,45],"(e.g.":[17,24],"CT)":[18],"to":[19,85,109,166],"unlabeled":[20],"target":[21],"MRI).":[25],"While":[26],"state-of-the-art":[27,193],"methods":[28],"reduce":[29],"gaps":[31],"via":[32],"image-":[33],"or":[34],"feature-level":[35,177],"alignment,":[36],"their":[37,124,150],"reliance":[38],"on":[39,99,181],"spurious":[40,96],"correlations":[41],"in":[42],"training":[44],"often":[46],"limits":[47],"generalization":[48],"across":[49,173],"domains.":[50],"To":[51,127],"overcome":[52],"this":[53,100],"limitation,":[54],"we":[55,102],"propose":[56],"Causal":[58,75],"Intervention":[59],"Segmentation":[60],"Network":[61],"(CiSeg),":[62],"a":[63,104],"novel":[64],"framework":[65],"that":[66,190],"first":[67,79],"integrates":[68],"causal":[69,87,118,168],"inference":[70],"into":[71,116],"UDA.":[72],"A":[73],"Structural":[74],"Model":[76],"(SCM)":[77],"is":[78],"constructed":[80],"for":[81],"disentangle":[86],"variables":[88],"bias":[90,120,170],"variables,":[91],"alleviating":[92],"impact":[94],"of":[95],"correlations.":[97],"Based":[98],"SCM,":[101],"introduce":[103],"Counterfactual":[105],"Disentanglement":[106],"(CD)":[107],"module":[108],"decompose":[110],"domain's":[113],"latent":[114],"features":[115,172],"distinct":[117],"and":[119,140,158,169,185,199,204],"components,":[121],"effectively":[122],"eliminating":[123],"mutual":[125],"dependencies.":[126],"enhance":[128],"cross-domain":[129,201],"consistency,":[130],"two":[131],"auxiliary":[132],"components":[133],"are":[134,206],"introduced:":[135],"Prototype-guided":[136],"Contrastive":[137],"Learning":[138],"(PCL)":[139],"Causal-bias":[141],"Residual":[142],"Alignment":[143],"(CBRA).":[144],"PCL":[145],"aligns":[146],"pixel-level":[147],"representations":[148],"with":[149],"corresponding":[151],"semantic":[152],"prototypes,":[153],"promoting":[154],"stronger":[155],"intra-class":[156],"consistency":[157],"clearer":[159],"inter-class":[160],"separability.":[161],"CBRA":[162],"employs":[163],"adversarial":[164],"learning":[165],"align":[167],"residual":[171],"domains,":[174],"further":[175],"enhancing":[176],"invariance.":[178],"Extensive":[179],"experiments":[180],"cardiac,":[182],"abdominal":[183],"multi-organ,":[184],"BraTS18":[186],"segmentation":[187,197],"tasks":[188],"demonstrate":[189],"CiSeg":[191],"outperforms":[192],"methods,":[194],"achieving":[195],"superior":[196],"performance":[198],"robust":[200],"generalization.":[202],"Code":[203],"models":[205],"available":[207],"at":[208],"https://github.com/lvpeiqing/CiSeg.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T06:10:10.580331","created_date":"2025-10-14T00:00:00"}