{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404788595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2024.3507073","title":"LHR-RFL: Linear Hybrid-Reward-Based Reinforced Focal Learning for Automatic Radiology Report Generation","display_name":"LHR-RFL: Linear Hybrid-Reward-Based Reinforced Focal Learning for Automatic Radiology Report Generation","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404788595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2024.3507073","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40030293"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2024.3507073","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2024.3507073","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067516340","display_name":"Xiulong Yi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7465-6609"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiulong Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085420086","display_name":"You Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7809-4233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"You Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006879112","display_name":"Jianzhi Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8024-6320"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianzhi Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101842813","display_name":"Ruiqing Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1331-700X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108688024","display_name":"Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/021cj6z65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116869","display_name":"Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/026e9yy16","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116869"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruiqing Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024","https://openalex.org/I4210116869"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100397018","display_name":"Hao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1863-7440"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80281795","display_name":"University of Otago","ror":"https://ror.org/01jmxt844","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089872646","display_name":"Rong Hua","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1772-2419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80143920","display_name":"Shandong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04gtjhw98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rong Hua","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067516340"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80143920"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.4266,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97629875,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"3","first_page":"1494","last_page":"1504"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9746000170707703,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9635000228881836,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5231336951255798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-imaging","display_name":"Medical imaging","score":0.5104085803031921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4468023180961609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-physics","display_name":"Medical physics","score":0.4165101647377014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.36882007122039795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.3317052721977234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.270127534866333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5231336951255798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.5104085803031921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4468023180961609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19527891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120908","display_name":"Medical physics","level":1,"score":0.4165101647377014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36882007122039795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.3317052721977234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.270127534866333}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011871","descriptor_name":"Radiology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011871","descriptor_name":"Radiology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011871","descriptor_name":"Radiology","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011873","descriptor_name":"Radiology Information Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011873","descriptor_name":"Radiology Information Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012201","descriptor_name":"Reward","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012201","descriptor_name":"Reward","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012201","descriptor_name":"Reward","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2024.3507073","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2024.3507073","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40030293","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40030293","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on medical imaging","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8625018188","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"82000482","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2079735306","https://openalex.org/W2101105183","https://openalex.org/W2152772232","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2296073425","https://openalex.org/W2887842788","https://openalex.org/W2949167374","https://openalex.org/W2957184985","https://openalex.org/W2963084599","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963466845","https://openalex.org/W2963507023","https://openalex.org/W2963967185","https://openalex.org/W2970831616","https://openalex.org/W2978846752","https://openalex.org/W2995225687","https://openalex.org/W2997704374","https://openalex.org/W3034655362","https://openalex.org/W3035323998","https://openalex.org/W3037607347","https://openalex.org/W3104609094","https://openalex.org/W3109948322","https://openalex.org/W3136792391","https://openalex.org/W3173688449","https://openalex.org/W3174714208","https://openalex.org/W3177048142","https://openalex.org/W3181252431","https://openalex.org/W4221159182","https://openalex.org/W4229027955","https://openalex.org/W4241811150","https://openalex.org/W4281729070","https://openalex.org/W4285108627","https://openalex.org/W4285197287","https://openalex.org/W4285265382","https://openalex.org/W4285531589","https://openalex.org/W4285602612","https://openalex.org/W4290716922","https://openalex.org/W4293581809","https://openalex.org/W4315750691","https://openalex.org/W4319777846","https://openalex.org/W4360604432","https://openalex.org/W4376632573","https://openalex.org/W4382240685","https://openalex.org/W4385218685","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386065580","https://openalex.org/W4386076360","https://openalex.org/W4386076536","https://openalex.org/W4386573963","https://openalex.org/W4386699374","https://openalex.org/W4387986561","https://openalex.org/W4388922729","https://openalex.org/W4388936587","https://openalex.org/W4390605154","https://openalex.org/W6640212811","https://openalex.org/W6678262379","https://openalex.org/W6682631176","https://openalex.org/W6763643401","https://openalex.org/W6784955093","https://openalex.org/W6851413434"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2772917594","https://openalex.org/W2036807459","https://openalex.org/W2058170566","https://openalex.org/W2755342338","https://openalex.org/W2166024367","https://openalex.org/W3116076068","https://openalex.org/W2229312674","https://openalex.org/W2951359407","https://openalex.org/W2079911747","https://openalex.org/W1969923398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Radiology":[0],"report":[1,25,57],"generation":[2,26,58],"that":[3,115,157,193],"aims":[4],"to":[5,30,69,74,103,119,136],"accurately":[6],"describe":[7],"medical":[8],"findings":[9],"for":[10,203],"given":[11],"images,":[12],"is":[13],"pivotal":[14],"in":[15,55,87],"contemporary":[16],"computer-aided":[17],"diagnosis.":[18],"Recently,":[19],"despite":[20],"considerable":[21],"progress,":[22],"current":[23],"radiology":[24,56],"models":[27],"still":[28],"struggled":[29],"achieve":[31],"consistent":[32],"quality":[33,200],"across":[34,168],"difficult":[35,52,80,142,204],"and":[36,59,90,180,185],"easy":[37],"samples,":[38,81],"which":[39,109],"dramatically":[40,197],"impacts":[41],"their":[42,148],"clinical":[43],"value.":[44],"To":[45],"solve":[46],"this":[47],"problem,":[48],"we":[49,95,129],"explore":[50],"the":[51,61,72,98,106,131,139,162,165,199],"samples":[53,143],"mining":[54],"propose":[60,97,130],"Linear":[62,99],"Hybrid-Reward":[63,100],"based":[64],"Reinforced":[65,132],"Focal":[66,133],"Learning":[67,134],"(LHR-RFL)":[68],"effectively":[70],"guide":[71],"model":[73,151,167],"allocate":[75],"more":[76],"attention":[77],"towards":[78],"some":[79],"thereby":[82,146],"enhancing":[83],"its":[84],"overall":[85],"performance":[86,163,176],"both":[88],"general":[89],"intricate":[91],"scenarios.":[92],"In":[93],"implementation,":[94],"first":[96],"(LHR)":[101],"module":[102],"better":[104],"quantify":[105],"learning":[107],"difficulty,":[108],"employs":[110],"a":[111],"linear":[112],"weighting":[113],"scheme":[114],"assigns":[116],"varying":[117],"weights":[118],"three":[120],"representative":[121],"Natural":[122],"Language":[123],"Generation":[124],"(NLG)":[125],"evaluation":[126,171],"metrics.":[127],"Then,":[128],"(RFL)":[135],"adaptively":[137],"adjust":[138],"contributions":[140],"of":[141,164,178,201],"during":[144],"training,":[145],"augmenting":[147],"impact":[149],"on":[150,182],"optimization.":[152],"The":[153,206],"experimental":[154],"results":[155],"demonstrate":[156],"our":[158,194],"proposed":[159],"LHR-RFL":[160,195],"improves":[161],"base":[166],"all":[169],"NLG":[170],"metrics,":[172],"achieving":[173],"an":[174],"average":[175],"improvement":[177],"20.9%":[179],"13.2%":[181],"IU":[183],"X-ray":[184],"MIMIC-CXR":[186],"datasets,":[187],"respectively.":[188],"Further":[189],"analysis":[190],"also":[191],"proves":[192],"can":[196],"improve":[198],"reports":[202],"samples.":[205],"source":[207],"code":[208],"will":[209],"be":[210],"available":[211],"at":[212],"https://github.com/":[213],"SKD-HPC/LHR-RFL.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19}],"updated_date":"2026-04-15T08:11:43.952461","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
