{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403674944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2024.3485120","title":"CoD-MIL: Chain-of-Diagnosis Prompting Multiple Instance Learning for Whole Slide Image Classification","display_name":"CoD-MIL: Chain-of-Diagnosis Prompting Multiple Instance Learning for Whole Slide Image Classification","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403674944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2024.3485120","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39441683"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2024.3485120","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2024.3485120","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068040819","display_name":"Jiangbo Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0180-3086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangbo Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0180-3086","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100369793","display_name":"Chen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0079-3106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0079-3106","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030762002","display_name":"Tieliang Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3840-441X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tieliang Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3840-441X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065529317","display_name":"Chunbao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-0142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121771","display_name":"First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/02tbvhh96","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210121771"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunbao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121771"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121771"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010970485","display_name":"Huazhu Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9702-5524"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3004594783","display_name":"Institute of High Performance Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0ejh50","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huazhu Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Connexis North Tower, Singapore","Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9702-5524","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Connexis North Tower, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3004594783"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4539,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8461544,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"3","first_page":"1218","last_page":"1229"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.6743000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.6743000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.6256999969482422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12535","display_name":"Machine Learning and Data Classification","score":0.6111999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6572400331497192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5950073003768921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.559501588344574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5276809334754944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5143967270851135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.48601895570755005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.42298033833503723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.4132829010486603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-imaging","display_name":"Medical imaging","score":0.4107641279697418}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6572400331497192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5950073003768921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.559501588344574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5276809334754944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5143967270851135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.48601895570755005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.42298033833503723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.4132829010486603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.4107641279697418}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098451","descriptor_name":"Multiple-Instance Learning Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098451","descriptor_name":"Multiple-Instance Learning Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098451","descriptor_name":"Multiple-Instance Learning Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000098451","descriptor_name":"Multiple-Instance Learning Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2024.3485120","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2024.3485120","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39441683","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39441683","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on medical imaging","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2456314062","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023BEG02023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317323","funder_display_name":"Key Research and Development Program of Heilongjiang"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8858205858","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AISG2-TC-2021-003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320317323","display_name":"Key Research and Development Program of Heilongjiang","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W3135547872","https://openalex.org/W3176719058","https://openalex.org/W3198377975","https://openalex.org/W3200930555","https://openalex.org/W4200283682","https://openalex.org/W4225142522","https://openalex.org/W4312504619","https://openalex.org/W4312765357","https://openalex.org/W4312776869","https://openalex.org/W4362601831","https://openalex.org/W4385767718","https://openalex.org/W4385768167","https://openalex.org/W4385948838","https://openalex.org/W4386065414","https://openalex.org/W4386071624","https://openalex.org/W4386071798","https://openalex.org/W4386076084","https://openalex.org/W4386113259","https://openalex.org/W4386558798","https://openalex.org/W4386790226","https://openalex.org/W4387259074","https://openalex.org/W4390706891","https://openalex.org/W4390873881","https://openalex.org/W4390956143","https://openalex.org/W4391582558","https://openalex.org/W4392947532","https://openalex.org/W4394595331","https://openalex.org/W6747701563","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6791353385","https://openalex.org/W6803426362","https://openalex.org/W6809646742","https://openalex.org/W6810081322","https://openalex.org/W6811788271","https://openalex.org/W6838865847","https://openalex.org/W6846467114","https://openalex.org/W6850625674","https://openalex.org/W6853354868"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2941415828","https://openalex.org/W2103507220","https://openalex.org/W3036032503","https://openalex.org/W1553168887","https://openalex.org/W4362672839","https://openalex.org/W2749186028","https://openalex.org/W2384611671","https://openalex.org/W2132007466","https://openalex.org/W307464889","https://openalex.org/W4313052709"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multiple":[0],"instance":[1,118],"learning":[2,119],"(MIL)":[3],"has":[4],"emerged":[5],"as":[6],"a":[7,38,114,150,176],"prominent":[8],"paradigm":[9],"for":[10,122],"processing":[11],"the":[12,34,63,79,83,89,99,105,128,133,158,163,169,188],"whole":[13,123],"slide":[14,124],"image":[15,35,125],"with":[16],"pyramid":[17],"structure":[18],"and":[19,37,46,57,108,167,190],"giga-pixel":[20],"size":[21],"in":[22,137,175],"digital":[23],"pathology.":[24],"However,":[25],"existing":[26],"attention-based":[27],"MIL":[28],"methods":[29],"are":[30],"primarily":[31],"trained":[32],"on":[33,182],"modality":[36],"pre-defined":[39],"label":[40],"set,":[41],"leading":[42],"to":[43,62,77,97,144,155],"limited":[44],"generalization":[45],"interpretability.":[47],"Recently,":[48],"vision":[49],"language":[50,87],"models":[51],"(VLM)":[52],"have":[53],"achieved":[54],"promising":[55],"performance":[56],"transferability,":[58],"offering":[59],"potential":[60],"solutions":[61],"limitations":[64],"of":[65,85,171,192],"MIL-based":[66],"methods.":[67],"Pathological":[68],"diagnosis":[69],"is":[70,94],"an":[71],"intricate":[72],"process":[73,136],"that":[74],"requires":[75],"pathologists":[76],"examine":[78],"WSI":[80,138],"step-by-step.":[81],"In":[82],"field":[84],"natural":[86],"process,":[88],"chain-of-thought":[90],"(CoT)":[91],"prompting":[92,116],"method":[93],"widely":[95],"utilized":[96],"imitate":[98],"human":[100],"reasoning":[101],"process.":[102],"Inspired":[103],"by":[104,161],"CoT":[106],"prompt":[107,131],"pathologists'":[109],"clinic":[110],"knowledge,":[111],"we":[112,148],"propose":[113,149],"chain-of-diagnosis":[115,129],"multiple":[117],"(CoD-MIL)":[120],"framework":[121],"classification.":[126],"Specifically,":[127],"text":[130],"decomposes":[132],"complex":[134],"diagnostic":[135],"into":[139],"progressive":[140],"sub-processes":[141],"from":[142],"low":[143],"high":[145],"magnification.":[146],"Additionally,":[147],"text-guided":[151],"contrastive":[152,177],"masking":[153,162],"module":[154],"accurately":[156],"localize":[157],"tumor":[159],"region":[160],"most":[164],"discriminative":[165],"instances":[166],"introducing":[168],"guidance":[170],"normal":[172],"tissue":[173],"texts":[174],"way.":[178],"Extensive":[179],"experiments":[180],"conducted":[181],"three":[183],"real-world":[184],"subtyping":[185],"datasets":[186],"demonstrate":[187],"effectiveness":[189],"superiority":[191],"CoD-MIL.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T09:21:30.201066","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
