{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401211253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2024.3436608","title":"Self-Supervised Medical Image Segmentation Using Deep Reinforced Adaptive Masking","display_name":"Self-Supervised Medical Image Segmentation Using Deep Reinforced Adaptive Masking","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401211253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2024.3436608","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39088493"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2024.3436608","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2024.3436608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022889808","display_name":"Zhenghua Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6719-7333"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184843921","display_name":"Hebei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/018hded08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhenghua Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China","School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079390444","display_name":"Yunxin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5182-215X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184843921","display_name":"Hebei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/018hded08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunxin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China","School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064307479","display_name":"Gang Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5731-5036"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184843921","display_name":"Hebei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/018hded08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093576869","display_name":"Thomas Lukasiewicz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9914-0416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Lukasiewicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, United Kingdom"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022889808"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184843921"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8267,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84451104,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"44","issue":"1","first_page":"180","last_page":"193"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.8499000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.8499000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.8479999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.8460999727249146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/masking","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","score":0.7549541592597961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.754708468914032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.7535183429718018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.648178219795227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.617617130279541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.569216251373291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-space-segmentation","display_name":"Scale-space segmentation","score":0.5373460650444031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.5144038796424866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-imaging","display_name":"Medical imaging","score":0.513004720211029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4733300805091858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6783436","display_name":"Masking (illustration)","level":2,"score":0.7549541592597961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.754708468914032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.7535183429718018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.648178219795227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.617617130279541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.569216251373291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65885262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7429708","display_name":"Scale-space segmentation","level":4,"score":0.5373460650444031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5144038796424866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.513004720211029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4733300805091858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2024.3436608","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2024.3436608","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39088493","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39088493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on medical imaging","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4536761785","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62276089","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7884026018","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RSTH-2023-135-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323539","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321048","display_name":"AXA Research Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/02zxqxw53"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323539","display_name":"Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security","ror":"https://ror.org/01kjwqy11"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1641498739","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1969496006","https://openalex.org/W1988400493","https://openalex.org/W2557738935","https://openalex.org/W2751069891","https://openalex.org/W2762741128","https://openalex.org/W2936801852","https://openalex.org/W2943666912","https://openalex.org/W2962731543","https://openalex.org/W2963420272","https://openalex.org/W2979708377","https://openalex.org/W2996678997","https://openalex.org/W2997957306","https://openalex.org/W3013339876","https://openalex.org/W3015196706","https://openalex.org/W3035127651","https://openalex.org/W3043504389","https://openalex.org/W3170019900","https://openalex.org/W3196792593","https://openalex.org/W4308503280","https://openalex.org/W4312804044","https://openalex.org/W4313156423","https://openalex.org/W4313530576","https://openalex.org/W4386066407","https://openalex.org/W4386160053","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6692846177","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6755891590","https://openalex.org/W6759274242","https://openalex.org/W6770051665","https://openalex.org/W6778883912","https://openalex.org/W6779997284","https://openalex.org/W6796761347","https://openalex.org/W6801578841","https://openalex.org/W6810914850","https://openalex.org/W6838961708"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1986655823","https://openalex.org/W2185902295","https://openalex.org/W2103507220","https://openalex.org/W3144569342","https://openalex.org/W3011384228","https://openalex.org/W2945274617","https://openalex.org/W3199300986","https://openalex.org/W4313052709","https://openalex.org/W4298131179","https://openalex.org/W2375430703"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Self-supervised":[0],"learning":[1,77],"aims":[2],"to":[3,48,60,78,99,109],"learn":[4,110],"transferable":[5],"representations":[6],"from":[7],"unlabeled":[8],"data":[9],"for":[10,103],"downstream":[11,133],"tasks.":[12],"Inspired":[13],"by":[14],"masked":[15,22,161],"language":[16,20],"modeling":[17,24],"in":[18,30,39,56,84,159],"natural":[19,61],"processing,":[21],"image":[23,141],"(MIM)":[25],"has":[26],"achieved":[27],"certain":[28],"success":[29],"the":[31,49,80,107,117,126,155],"field":[32],"of":[33,82,128,157],"computer":[34],"vision,":[35],"but":[36],"its":[37],"effectiveness":[38,156],"medical":[40,57,85,140],"images":[41,58],"remains":[42],"unsatisfactory.":[43],"This":[44],"is":[45,113],"mainly":[46],"due":[47],"high":[50],"redundancy":[51],"and":[52],"small":[53],"discriminative":[54],"regions":[55],"compared":[59],"images.":[62,86,162],"Therefore,":[63],"this":[64],"paper":[65],"proposes":[66],"an":[67,93],"adaptive":[68],"hard":[69],"masking":[70,112],"(AHM)":[71],"approach":[72],"based":[73],"on":[74,138],"deep":[75],"reinforcement":[76,122],"expand":[79],"application":[81],"MIM":[83],"Unlike":[87],"predefined":[88],"random":[89],"masks,":[90],"AHM":[91,124,145,158],"uses":[92],"asynchronous":[94],"advantage":[95],"actor-critic":[96],"(A3C)":[97],"model":[98,108],"predict":[100],"reconstruction":[101],"loss":[102],"each":[104],"patch,":[105],"enabling":[106],"where":[111],"valuable.":[114],"By":[115],"optimizing":[116],"non-differentiable":[118],"sampling":[119],"process":[120],"using":[121],"learning,":[123],"enhances":[125],"understanding":[127],"key":[129],"regions,":[130],"thereby":[131],"improving":[132],"task":[134],"performance.":[135],"Experimental":[136],"results":[137],"two":[139],"datasets":[142],"demonstrate":[143],"that":[144],"outperforms":[146],"state-of-the-art":[147],"methods.":[148],"Additional":[149],"experiments":[150],"under":[151],"various":[152],"settings":[153],"validate":[154],"constructing":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-04-06T07:47:59.780226","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}