{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4385834496","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2023.3305384","title":"Transformer-Based Spatio-Temporal Analysis for Classification of Aortic Stenosis Severity From Echocardiography Cine Series","display_name":"Transformer-Based Spatio-Temporal Analysis for Classification of Aortic Stenosis Severity From Echocardiography Cine Series","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4385834496","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2023.3305384","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37581960"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2023.3305384","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2023.3305384","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/42/4359023/10218329.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/42/4359023/10218329.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024887973","display_name":"Naser Ahmadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4091-6916"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Ahmadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4091-6916","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050141186","display_name":"Michael Tsang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2386-5210"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Y. Tsang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada","Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074572467","display_name":"Ang Nan Gu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8926-2397"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. N. Gu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8926-2397","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054004944","display_name":"Teresa S.M. Tsang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4865-7119"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. S. M. Tsang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada","Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4865-7119","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023095072","display_name":"Purang Abolmaesumi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7259-8609"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Abolmaesumi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7259-8609","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.5634,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":42,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9850979,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"1","first_page":"366","last_page":"376"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10172","display_name":"Cardiac Valve Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9825000166893005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.9643999934196472,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stenosis","display_name":"Stenosis","score":0.6681729555130005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.6371304392814636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiology","display_name":"Cardiology","score":0.5959087610244751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.5421361327171326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.45982009172439575}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780007028","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2343082","display_name":"Stenosis","level":2,"score":0.6681729555130005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6371304392814636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.5959087610244751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.5421361327171326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.45982009172439575}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001021","descriptor_name":"Aortic Valve","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001021","descriptor_name":"Aortic Valve","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001021","descriptor_name":"Aortic Valve","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001021","descriptor_name":"Aortic Valve","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001024","descriptor_name":"Aortic Valve Stenosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001024","descriptor_name":"Aortic Valve Stenosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001024","descriptor_name":"Aortic Valve Stenosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001024","descriptor_name":"Aortic Valve Stenosis","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004452","descriptor_name":"Echocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004452","descriptor_name":"Echocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004452","descriptor_name":"Echocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004452","descriptor_name":"Echocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006349","descriptor_name":"Heart Valve Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006349","descriptor_name":"Heart Valve Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006349","descriptor_name":"Heart Valve Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006349","descriptor_name":"Heart Valve Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2023.3305384","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2023.3305384","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/42/4359023/10218329.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:37581960","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37581960","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on medical imaging","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2023.3305384","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2023.3305384","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/42/4359023/10218329.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334506","display_name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01gavpb45"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385834496.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4385834496.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W2161849513","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2777542469","https://openalex.org/W2793130599","https://openalex.org/W2963155035","https://openalex.org/W2964137095","https://openalex.org/W2972012128","https://openalex.org/W2981304952","https://openalex.org/W3035524964","https://openalex.org/W3105000875","https://openalex.org/W3115258265","https://openalex.org/W3127209854","https://openalex.org/W3129554782","https://openalex.org/W3135801615","https://openalex.org/W3146828772","https://openalex.org/W3173459793","https://openalex.org/W3175580044","https://openalex.org/W3189379416","https://openalex.org/W3199234465","https://openalex.org/W3200245047","https://openalex.org/W3204334240","https://openalex.org/W4295746693","https://openalex.org/W4295746870","https://openalex.org/W4307958054","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6726497184","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6784094891","https://openalex.org/W6790307280","https://openalex.org/W6799579754"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387497383","https://openalex.org/W3183948672","https://openalex.org/W3173606202","https://openalex.org/W3110381201","https://openalex.org/W2948807893","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2778153218","https://openalex.org/W2758277628","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1531601525"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Aortic":[0],"stenosis":[1],"(AS)":[2],"is":[3,15,25,246],"characterized":[4],"by":[5,28],"restricted":[6],"motion":[7,104],"and":[8,14,80,97,103,124,158,169,175,180,182,191,239],"calcification":[9],"of":[10,22,34,44,77,105,121,151,200],"the":[11,16,42,75,106,130,137,147,152,189,198,216],"aortic":[12,107],"valve":[13,108],"deadliest":[17],"valvular":[18,35],"cardiac":[19,117],"disease.":[20],"Assessment":[21],"AS":[23,45,78,110,138,178,185],"severity":[24,81,111,186],"typically":[26],"done":[27],"expert":[29],"cardiologists":[30],"using":[31],"Doppler":[32,58],"measurements":[33],"flow":[36],"from":[37],"echocardiography.":[38],"However,":[39],"this":[40,65],"limits":[41],"assessment":[43],"to":[46,51,73,197,212],"hospitals":[47],"staffed":[48],"with":[49,229],"experts":[50],"provide":[52],"comprehensive":[53],"echocardiography":[54],"service.":[55],"As":[56],"accurate":[57],"acquisition":[59],"requires":[60],"significant":[61],"clinical":[62,230],"training,":[63],"in":[64,177,184,225],"paper,":[66],"we":[67,208],"present":[68,141],"a":[69,167,170,201,235],"deep":[70,227],"learning":[71],"framework":[72],"determine":[74],"feasibility":[76],"detection":[79],"classification":[82,187],"based":[83],"only":[84],"on":[85,145,166,188],"two-dimensional":[86],"echocardiographic":[87],"data.":[88],"We":[89,140],"demonstrate":[90],"that":[91,132],"our":[92,213,220],"proposed":[93],"spatio-temporal":[94],"architecture":[95,162,214],"effectively":[96],"efficiently":[98],"combines":[99],"both":[100],"anatomical":[101],"features":[102],"for":[109,206,215],"classification.":[112],"Our":[113,161,243],"model":[114,148],"can":[115,125],"process":[116],"echo":[118],"cine":[119],"series":[120],"varying":[122],"length":[123],"identify,":[126],"without":[127,155],"explicit":[128],"supervision,":[129],"frames":[131],"are":[133],"most":[134],"informative":[135],"towards":[136],"diagnosis.":[139],"an":[142],"empirical":[143],"study":[144],"how":[146],"learns":[149],"phases":[150],"heart":[153],"cycle":[154],"any":[156],"supervision":[157],"frame-level":[159],"annotations.":[160],"outperforms":[163],"state-of-the-art":[164],"results":[165],"private":[168,190],"public":[171,192,203,217],"dataset,":[172],"achieving":[173],"95.2%":[174],"91.5%":[176],"detection,":[179],"78.1%":[181],"83.8%":[183],"datasets,":[193],"respectively.":[194],"Notably,":[195],"due":[196],"lack":[199],"large":[202],"video":[204],"dataset":[205],"AS,":[207],"made":[209],"slight":[210],"adjustments":[211],"dataset.":[218],"Furthermore,":[219],"method":[221],"addresses":[222],"common":[223],"problems":[224],"training":[226],"networks":[228],"ultrasound":[231],"data,":[232],"such":[233],"as":[234],"low":[236],"signal-to-noise":[237],"ratio":[238],"frequently":[240],"uninformative":[241],"frames.":[242],"source":[244],"code":[245],"available":[247],"at:":[248],"https://github.com/neda77aa/FTC.git.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-07-10T07:45:09.275182","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}