{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4223480370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2022.3166230","title":"Learning From Synthetic CT Images via Test-Time Training for Liver Tumor Segmentation","display_name":"Learning From Synthetic CT Images via Test-Time Training for Liver Tumor Segmentation","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-04-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4223480370","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2022.3166230","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35404812"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2022.3166230","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2022.3166230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088356199","display_name":"Fei Lyu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8858-8950"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141568987","display_name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/0145fw131","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8858-8950","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008999954","display_name":"Mang Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3989-7655"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mang Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3989-7655","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085704922","display_name":"J. Andy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0165-8416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andy J. Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0165-8416","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029738510","display_name":"Terry Cheuk\u2010Fung Yip","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1819-2464"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Terry Cheuk-Fung Yip","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Medical Data Analytics Centre, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Medical Data Analytics Centre, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087968813","display_name":"Grace Lai\u2010Hung Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2863-9389"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Grace Lai-Hung Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Medical Data Analytics Centre, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Medical Data Analytics Centre, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079920605","display_name":"Pong C. Yuen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9343-2202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141568987","display_name":"Hong Kong Baptist University","ror":"https://ror.org/0145fw131","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pong C. Yuen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9343-2202","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141568987"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.1236,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92123923,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"9","first_page":"2510","last_page":"2520"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.821040153503418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.7396681904792786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7220581769943237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.7021656036376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.6508392095565796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-data","display_name":"Synthetic data","score":0.540259063243866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.5025382041931152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-data","display_name":"Test data","score":0.4794941544532776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4635099470615387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4503100514411926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.41355323791503906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.39635106921195984}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.821040153503418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.7396681904792786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7220581769943237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.7021656036376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.6508392095565796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160920958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7662746","display_name":"Synthetic data","level":2,"score":0.540259063243866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.5025382041931152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16910744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7705759","display_name":"Test data","level":2,"score":0.4794941544532776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4635099470615387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4503100514411926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.41355323791503906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.39635106921195984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000005","descriptor_name":"Abdomen","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000005","descriptor_name":"Abdomen","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000005","descriptor_name":"Abdomen","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008113","descriptor_name":"Liver Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008113","descriptor_name":"Liver Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008113","descriptor_name":"Liver Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2022.3166230","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2022.3166230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35404812","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35404812","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on medical imaging","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6140821214","display_name":"Disease burden of chronic viral hepatitis in Hong Kong \u2013 towards eliminating viral hepatitis by year 2030 according to World Health Organization (WHO) targets","funder_award_id":"07180216","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335055","funder_display_name":"Health and Medical Research Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335055","display_name":"Health and Medical Research Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/03qh32912"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2016589492","https://openalex.org/W2526009326","https://openalex.org/W2567079332","https://openalex.org/W2761299546","https://openalex.org/W2767044624","https://openalex.org/W2795889831","https://openalex.org/W2807998381","https://openalex.org/W2883245728","https://openalex.org/W2896359486","https://openalex.org/W2899736836","https://openalex.org/W2910094941","https://openalex.org/W2914570111","https://openalex.org/W2915126261","https://openalex.org/W2962825119","https://openalex.org/W2962878449","https://openalex.org/W2963015987","https://openalex.org/W2963240485","https://openalex.org/W2964227007","https://openalex.org/W2965669393","https://openalex.org/W2975758481","https://openalex.org/W2979688502","https://openalex.org/W2995198352","https://openalex.org/W2998954342","https://openalex.org/W3006040295","https://openalex.org/W3014974815","https://openalex.org/W3015328626","https://openalex.org/W3021453653","https://openalex.org/W3023939003","https://openalex.org/W3035069238","https://openalex.org/W3044256341","https://openalex.org/W3084561752","https://openalex.org/W3087642760","https://openalex.org/W3103943044","https://openalex.org/W3108772721","https://openalex.org/W3108860939","https://openalex.org/W3112701542","https://openalex.org/W3118644257","https://openalex.org/W3118868805","https://openalex.org/W3138558221","https://openalex.org/W3149860822","https://openalex.org/W3174172622","https://openalex.org/W3175217175","https://openalex.org/W3175770036","https://openalex.org/W3202422321","https://openalex.org/W3204845214","https://openalex.org/W3207271111","https://openalex.org/W4229056754","https://openalex.org/W6621543089","https://openalex.org/W6752318946","https://openalex.org/W6759274242","https://openalex.org/W6768455480","https://openalex.org/W6780178746","https://openalex.org/W6786545957","https://openalex.org/W6788125050"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2517104666","https://openalex.org/W2005437358","https://openalex.org/W1669643531","https://openalex.org/W2008656436","https://openalex.org/W2134924024","https://openalex.org/W2023558673","https://openalex.org/W2110230079","https://openalex.org/W1982826852","https://openalex.org/W2613186388","https://openalex.org/W1967061043"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"liver":[1,10,211,232],"tumor":[2,11,86,212,233],"segmentation":[3,143,181,234],"could":[4,43],"offer":[5],"assistance":[6],"to":[7,58,70,73,95,113,148,164,183,195,239],"radiologists":[8],"in":[9,47,171,230],"diagnosis,":[12],"and":[13,40,122,168,236],"its":[14,146],"performance":[15,46],"has":[16],"been":[17],"significantly":[18],"improved":[19],"by":[20],"recent":[21],"deep":[22],"learning":[23],"based":[24],"methods.":[25],"These":[26],"methods":[27],"rely":[28],"on":[29,88,206],"large-scale":[30],"well-annotated":[31],"training":[32,75,120,173],"datasets,":[33],"but":[34],"collecting":[35],"such":[36],"datasets":[37,209],"is":[38,54,203,237],"time-consuming":[39],"labor-intensive,":[41],"which":[42,136],"hinder":[44],"their":[45],"practical":[48],"situations.":[49],"Learning":[50],"from":[51,189],"synthetic":[52,65,85,119],"data":[53],"an":[55,150],"encouraging":[56],"solution":[57],"address":[59],"this":[60,101],"problem.":[61,99],"In":[62,100],"our":[63,219],"task,":[64,132,235],"tumors":[66],"can":[67,222],"be":[68],"injected":[69],"healthy":[71],"images":[72,87,91,121],"form":[74],"pairs.":[76],"However,":[77],"directly":[78],"applying":[79],"the":[80,84,96,115,138,141,172,180,190,197,225,231],"model":[81,182],"trained":[82],"using":[83],"real":[89,123],"test":[90,124,176,185],"performs":[92],"poorly":[93],"due":[94],"domain":[97,116,227],"shift":[98,228],"paper,":[102],"we":[103,127,158,178],"propose":[104],"a":[105,129,160],"novel":[106],"approach,":[107],"namely":[108],"Synthetic-to-Real":[109],"Test-Time":[110],"Training":[111],"(SR-TTT),":[112],"reduce":[114],"gap":[117],"between":[118,153],"images.":[125],"Specifically,":[126],"add":[128],"self-supervised":[130],"auxiliary":[131,191],"i.e.,":[133],"two-step":[134],"reconstruction,":[135],"takes":[137],"output":[139],"of":[140],"main":[142],"task":[144,192],"as":[145,194],"input":[147],"build":[149],"explicit":[151],"connection":[152],"these":[154],"two":[155,207],"tasks.":[156],"Moreover,":[157],"design":[159],"scheduled":[161],"mixture":[162],"strategy":[163],"avoid":[165],"error":[166],"accumulation":[167],"bias":[169],"explosion":[170],"process.":[174],"During":[175],"time,":[177],"adapt":[179],"each":[184],"image":[186],"with":[187],"self-supervision":[188],"so":[193],"improve":[196],"inference":[198],"performance.":[199],"The":[200,214],"proposed":[201,220],"method":[202],"extensively":[204],"evaluated":[205],"public":[208],"for":[210],"segmentation.":[213],"experimental":[215],"results":[216],"demonstrate":[217],"that":[218],"SR-TTT":[221],"effectively":[223],"mitigate":[224],"synthetic-to-real":[226],"problem":[229],"superior":[238],"existing":[240],"state-of-the-art":[241],"approaches.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}