{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4220833183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2022.3161947","title":"Invertible Modeling of Bidirectional Relationships in Neuroimaging With Normalizing Flows: Application to Brain Aging","display_name":"Invertible Modeling of Bidirectional Relationships in Neuroimaging With Normalizing Flows: Application to Brain Aging","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4220833183","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2022.3161947","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35324436"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2022.3161947","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2022.3161947","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051753610","display_name":"Matthias Wilms","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8845-360X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802127220","display_name":"Alberta Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00sx29x36","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802127220"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Matthias Wilms","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology and the Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology and the Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802127220","https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067445392","display_name":"Jordan J. Bannister","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1088-5968"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802127220","display_name":"Alberta Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00sx29x36","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802127220"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jordan J. Bannister","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology and the Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology and the Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802127220","https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026674091","display_name":"Pauline Mouch\u00e8s","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0304-5584"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802127220","display_name":"Alberta Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00sx29x36","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802127220"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pauline Mouches","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology and the Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology and the Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802127220","https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012020840","display_name":"M. Ethan MacDonald","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5421-3536"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Ethan MacDonald","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Software Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Software Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017763177","display_name":"Deepthi Rajashekar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2009-764X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802127220","display_name":"Alberta Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00sx29x36","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802127220"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepthi Rajashekar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology and the Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology and the Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802127220","https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049542143","display_name":"S\u00f6nke Langner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7241-1173"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4665924","display_name":"University of Rostock","ror":"https://ror.org/03zdwsf69","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4665924"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sonke Langner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Pediatric and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Pediatric and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4665924"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040728822","display_name":"Nils D. Forkert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2556-3224"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802127220","display_name":"Alberta Children's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/00sx29x36","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802127220"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nils D. Forkert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departments of Radiology and Clinical Neurosciences, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802127220","https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051753610"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309","https://openalex.org/I2802127220"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1791,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94634715,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"9","first_page":"2331","last_page":"2347"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11304","display_name":"Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11304","display_name":"Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9937000274658203,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-morphometry","display_name":"Brain morphometry","score":0.753846287727356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroimaging","display_name":"Neuroimaging","score":0.7334372997283936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6652865409851074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5944517254829407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.5093406438827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.46838241815567017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4294307827949524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.2699921727180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1839858889579773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.15394622087478638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-resonance-imaging","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","score":0.09727072715759277}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145940234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4955830","display_name":"Brain morphometry","level":3,"score":0.753846287727356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58693492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875","display_name":"Neuroimaging","level":2,"score":0.7334372997283936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6652865409851074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5944517254829407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.5093406438827515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.46838241815567017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4294307827949524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.2699921727180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1839858889579773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.15394622087478638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143409427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.09727072715759277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000375","descriptor_name":"Aging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000375","descriptor_name":"Aging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000375","descriptor_name":"Aging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059906","descriptor_name":"Neuroimaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2022.3161947","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2022.3161947","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:35324436","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35324436","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on medical imaging","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310537","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313410","display_name":"Calgary Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":87,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W330410308","https://openalex.org/W1579576867","https://openalex.org/W1579634341","https://openalex.org/W1967251218","https://openalex.org/W2017436068","https://openalex.org/W2039125507","https://openalex.org/W2064289067","https://openalex.org/W2069270259","https://openalex.org/W2081280754","https://openalex.org/W2082704080","https://openalex.org/W2106235379","https://openalex.org/W2113127248","https://openalex.org/W2117340355","https://openalex.org/W2120199131","https://openalex.org/W2123197173","https://openalex.org/W2131014997","https://openalex.org/W2138626541","https://openalex.org/W2146980616","https://openalex.org/W2345612204","https://openalex.org/W2507387536","https://openalex.org/W2552208519","https://openalex.org/W2579617530","https://openalex.org/W2614054318","https://openalex.org/W2771193347","https://openalex.org/W2787228688","https://openalex.org/W2788106558","https://openalex.org/W2806974828","https://openalex.org/W2883617100","https://openalex.org/W2888188594","https://openalex.org/W2903950571","https://openalex.org/W2907990559","https://openalex.org/W2922479016","https://openalex.org/W2954340342","https://openalex.org/W2962989546","https://openalex.org/W2963420481","https://openalex.org/W2965946035","https://openalex.org/W2968446587","https://openalex.org/W2972827314","https://openalex.org/W2979541036","https://openalex.org/W2979957597","https://openalex.org/W2981456740","https://openalex.org/W2988195122","https://openalex.org/W2990366895","https://openalex.org/W2992005611","https://openalex.org/W2995808388","https://openalex.org/W3003863678","https://openalex.org/W3017066732","https://openalex.org/W3089258874","https://openalex.org/W3091681809","https://openalex.org/W3092783643","https://openalex.org/W3103453294","https://openalex.org/W3125097811","https://openalex.org/W3126849005","https://openalex.org/W3128851008","https://openalex.org/W3132191748","https://openalex.org/W3134751001","https://openalex.org/W3147058384","https://openalex.org/W3170936042","https://openalex.org/W3173547984","https://openalex.org/W3191370428","https://openalex.org/W3199664013","https://openalex.org/W4205965734","https://openalex.org/W4220800641","https://openalex.org/W4238720984","https://openalex.org/W4241759326","https://openalex.org/W4287325382","https://openalex.org/W4287822931","https://openalex.org/W4289694518","https://openalex.org/W4293861706","https://openalex.org/W4295112158","https://openalex.org/W4297798428","https://openalex.org/W6714644935","https://openalex.org/W6739575509","https://openalex.org/W6745687250","https://openalex.org/W6748013272","https://openalex.org/W6753758835","https://openalex.org/W6761184903","https://openalex.org/W6764817228","https://openalex.org/W6766813037","https://openalex.org/W6770328910","https://openalex.org/W6772352366","https://openalex.org/W6775845209","https://openalex.org/W6786116605","https://openalex.org/W6787281508","https://openalex.org/W6789918781","https://openalex.org/W6790620845","https://openalex.org/W6799766821"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2327340211","https://openalex.org/W2027542625","https://openalex.org/W4292199793","https://openalex.org/W2282195379","https://openalex.org/W2295388821","https://openalex.org/W2102312026","https://openalex.org/W2885663991","https://openalex.org/W2071433170","https://openalex.org/W2089784006","https://openalex.org/W1016623679"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Many":[0],"machine":[1],"learning":[2],"tasks":[3,66],"in":[4,17],"neuroimaging":[5],"aim":[6],"at":[7],"modeling":[8,114,174],"complex":[9],"relationships":[10],"between":[11,77],"a":[12,55,103,121,138,159,167,179],"brain's":[13],"morphology":[14,46,79,113,144,164,222],"as":[15,70],"seen":[16,69],"structural":[18],"MR":[19,182],"images":[20],"and":[21,24,80,88,111,115,215,231],"clinical":[22],"scores":[23],"variables":[25],"of":[26,73,141,150,170,181,184,228],"interest.":[27],"A":[28],"frequently":[29],"modeled":[30],"process":[31],"is":[32,54,60,85,155,176,205],"healthy":[33],"brain":[34,40,45,78,123,143,153,196,202,221,238],"aging":[35,124,197,239],"for":[36,95,236],"which":[37],"many":[38],"image-based":[39],"age":[41,52],"estimation":[42,53],"or":[43],"age-conditioned":[44],"template":[47,58],"generation":[48,59],"approaches":[49,91],"exist.":[50],"While":[51],"regression":[56,110],"task,":[57],"related":[61],"to":[62,119,207],"generative":[63,112],"modeling.":[64],"Both":[65],"can":[67,233],"be":[68,234],"inverse":[71],"directions":[72],"the":[74,226],"same":[75],"relationship":[76],"age.":[81,147],"However,":[82],"this":[83,99,128],"view":[84],"rarely":[86],"exploited":[87],"most":[89],"existing":[90],"train":[92],"separate":[93],"models":[94,163],"each":[96],"direction.":[97],"In":[98],"paper,":[100],"we":[101,116],"propose":[102],"novel":[104],"bidirectional":[105,122,195],"approach":[106],"that":[107,136,162,193],"unifies":[108],"score":[109],"use":[117,149],"it":[118],"build":[120],"model.":[125],"We":[126],"achieve":[127],"by":[129,157],"defining":[130],"an":[131],"invertible":[132],"normalizing":[133],"flow":[134],"architecture":[135],"learns":[137],"probability":[139],"distribution":[140],"3D":[142,152],"conditioned":[145],"on":[146,178],"The":[148,189],"full":[151],"data":[154],"achieved":[156],"deriving":[158],"manifold-constrained":[160],"formulation":[161],"variations":[165],"within":[166],"low-dimensional":[168],"subspace":[169],"diffeomorphic":[171],"transformations.":[172],"This":[173],"idea":[175],"evaluated":[177],"database":[180],"scans":[183],"more":[185],"than":[186],"5000":[187],"subjects.":[188],"evaluation":[190],"results":[191],"show":[192],"our":[194],"model":[198],"(1)":[199],"accurately":[200],"estimates":[201],"age,":[203],"(2)":[204],"able":[206],"visually":[208],"explain":[209],"its":[210],"decisions":[211],"through":[212],"attribution":[213],"maps":[214],"counterfactuals,":[216],"(3)":[217],"generates":[218],"realistic":[219],"age-specific":[220],"templates,":[223],"(4)":[224],"supports":[225],"analysis":[227],"morphological":[229],"variations,":[230],"(5)":[232],"utilized":[235],"subject-specific":[237],"simulation.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2022-04-03T00:00:00"}