{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3169228979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2021.3111679","title":"Genetic U-Net: Automatically Designed Deep Networks for Retinal Vessel Segmentation Using a Genetic Algorithm","display_name":"Genetic U-Net: Automatically Designed Deep Networks for Retinal Vessel Segmentation Using a Genetic Algorithm","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3169228979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2021.3111679","mag":"3169228979","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34506278"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2021.3111679","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2021.3111679","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiahong Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8148-2683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32574673","display_name":"Shantou University","ror":"https://ror.org/01a099706","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098034","display_name":"Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province","ror":"https://ror.org/00swtqp09","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiahong Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, China","Key Lab of Digital Signal and Image Processing of Guangdong Province, Shantou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8148-2683","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Lab of Digital Signal and Image Processing of Guangdong Province, Shantou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Guijie Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32574673","display_name":"Shantou University","ror":"https://ror.org/01a099706","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098034","display_name":"Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province","ror":"https://ror.org/00swtqp09","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guijie Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, China","Key Lab of Digital Signal and Image Processing of Guangdong Province, Shantou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Lab of Digital Signal and Image Processing of Guangdong Province, Shantou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhun Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4232-8229"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32574673","display_name":"Shantou University","ror":"https://ror.org/01a099706","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098034","display_name":"Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province","ror":"https://ror.org/00swtqp09","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhun Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, China","Key Lab of Digital Signal and Image Processing of Guangdong Province, Shantou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4232-8229","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Lab of Digital Signal and Image Processing of Guangdong Province, Shantou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jinchao Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205237279","display_name":"Nankai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y1kjr75","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinchao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence, Nankai University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence, Nankai University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205237279"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yibiao Rong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8776-9415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32574673","display_name":"Shantou University","ror":"https://ror.org/01a099706","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098034","display_name":"Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province","ror":"https://ror.org/00swtqp09","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yibiao Rong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, China","Key Lab of Digital Signal and Image Processing of Guangdong Province, Shantou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8776-9415","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Lab of Digital Signal and Image Processing of Guangdong Province, Shantou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiajie Mo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2551-5329"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32574673","display_name":"Shantou University","ror":"https://ror.org/01a099706","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098034","display_name":"Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province","ror":"https://ror.org/00swtqp09","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiajie Mo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, China","Key Lab of Digital Signal and Image Processing of Guangdong Province, Shantou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2551-5329","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Lab of Digital Signal and Image Processing of Guangdong Province, Shantou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098034"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wenji Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32574673","display_name":"Shantou University","ror":"https://ror.org/01a099706","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210098034","display_name":"Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province","ror":"https://ror.org/00swtqp09","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210098034"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenji Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, China","Key Lab of Digital Signal and Image Processing of Guangdong Province, Shantou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32574673"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Lab of Digital Signal and Image Processing of Guangdong Province, Shantou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210098034"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xinjian Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0871-293X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3923682","display_name":"Soochow University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t8y2r12","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinjian Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China","State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0871-293X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3923682"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32574673","https://openalex.org/I4210098034"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.181,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":114,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98790691,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"41","issue":"2","first_page":"292","last_page":"307"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9797000288963318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9797000288963318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.008100000210106373,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.8306000232696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6834999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6527000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5705999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.47279998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","score":0.37220001220703125}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.8306000232696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.801800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7530999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6834999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6527000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5705999732017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.47279998660087585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.40639999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776391266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9612","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","level":2,"score":0.37220001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639681","display_name":"Network architecture","level":2,"score":0.3521000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.3273000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2930999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.28949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31601959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q931309","display_name":"Medical imaging","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D005654","descriptor_name":"Fundus Oculi","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005654","descriptor_name":"Fundus Oculi","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005654","descriptor_name":"Fundus Oculi","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012171","descriptor_name":"Retinal Vessels","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012171","descriptor_name":"Retinal Vessels","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012171","descriptor_name":"Retinal Vessels","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2021.3111679","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2021.3111679","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34506278","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34506278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on medical imaging","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6299354101","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DMETKF2019020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326834","funder_display_name":"State Key Lab of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8165738892","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019A050520001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336627","funder_display_name":"Special Fund Project for Science and Technology Innovation Strategy of Guangdong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326834","display_name":"State Key Lab of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336627","display_name":"Special Fund Project for Science and Technology Innovation Strategy of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1571059645","https://openalex.org/W1659842140","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1964153772","https://openalex.org/W1969013163","https://openalex.org/W1978236354","https://openalex.org/W1980073965","https://openalex.org/W2045227075","https://openalex.org/W2054890448","https://openalex.org/W2072130234","https://openalex.org/W2093545979","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2100756624","https://openalex.org/W2102006495","https://openalex.org/W2105482139","https://openalex.org/W2107878631","https://openalex.org/W2108401774","https://openalex.org/W2111935653","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2124290836","https://openalex.org/W2137015106","https://openalex.org/W2145305441","https://openalex.org/W2147031947","https://openalex.org/W2149430368","https://openalex.org/W2150769593","https://openalex.org/W2158371424","https://openalex.org/W2161989935","https://openalex.org/W2164748764","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2206167351","https://openalex.org/W2320230300","https://openalex.org/W2327793514","https://openalex.org/W2475492183","https://openalex.org/W2489960249","https://openalex.org/W2526099606","https://openalex.org/W2559597482","https://openalex.org/W2593175742","https://openalex.org/W2620722267","https://openalex.org/W2802388893","https://openalex.org/W2883158673","https://openalex.org/W2898910301","https://openalex.org/W2920582597","https://openalex.org/W2921406441","https://openalex.org/W2922904612","https://openalex.org/W2923997689","https://openalex.org/W2927980542","https://openalex.org/W2953129827","https://openalex.org/W2954234207","https://openalex.org/W2963136578","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2964081807","https://openalex.org/W2965167740","https://openalex.org/W2979605896","https://openalex.org/W2979997617","https://openalex.org/W2980167845","https://openalex.org/W2980269695","https://openalex.org/W2982364173","https://openalex.org/W2982440944","https://openalex.org/W2998623274","https://openalex.org/W3035223629","https://openalex.org/W3035470482","https://openalex.org/W3094059395","https://openalex.org/W4246623349","https://openalex.org/W4255158661","https://openalex.org/W6606439196","https://openalex.org/W6628973536","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6631943919","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6724804524","https://openalex.org/W6729956949","https://openalex.org/W6729972426","https://openalex.org/W6743495212","https://openalex.org/W6752515464","https://openalex.org/W6766196973","https://openalex.org/W6780020652","https://openalex.org/W6781550413"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"many":[1,42],"methods":[2],"based":[3,109],"on":[4,110],"hand-designed":[5],"convolutional":[6],"neural":[7],"networks":[8,195],"(CNNs)":[9],"have":[10,41],"achieved":[11],"promising":[12],"results":[13,144],"in":[14,24,28,125,170],"automatic":[15],"retinal":[16,26,87,199],"vessel":[17,88,200],"segmentation.":[18],"However,":[19],"these":[20,37],"CNNs":[21,38,59],"remain":[22],"constrained":[23],"capturing":[25],"vessels":[27],"complex":[29],"fundus":[30],"images.":[31],"To":[32],"improve":[33],"their":[34],"segmentation":[35,89],"performance,":[36],"tend":[39],"to":[40,47,78,121,196],"parameters,":[43,94],"which":[44],"may":[45],"lead":[46],"overfitting":[48],"and":[49,62,129,172,192],"high":[50],"computational":[51],"complexity.":[52],"Moreover,":[53],"the":[54,97,126,131,147,151,163,166,186],"manual":[55],"design":[56,71],"of":[57,133,162,165,185,194,206],"competitive":[58],"is":[60,76],"time-consuming":[61],"requires":[63],"extensive":[64],"empirical":[65],"knowledge.":[66],"Herein,":[67],"a":[68,80,103,111,135,155],"novel":[69],"automated":[70],"method,":[72],"called":[73],"Genetic":[74],"U-Net,":[75],"proposed":[77,152],"generate":[79,197],"U-shaped":[81,112],"CNN":[82],"that":[83,146],"can":[84],"achieve":[85],"better":[86],"but":[90,105],"with":[91,139,158,173],"fewer":[92,140,175],"architecture-based":[93],"thereby":[95],"addressing":[96],"above":[98],"issues.":[99],"First,":[100],"we":[101,115],"devised":[102],"condensed":[104],"flexible":[106],"search":[107,127],"space":[108,128],"encoder-decoder.":[113],"Then,":[114],"used":[116],"an":[117],"improved":[118],"genetic":[119],"algorithm":[120],"identify":[122],"better-performing":[123],"architectures":[124],"investigated":[130],"possibility":[132],"finding":[134],"superior":[136,156,198],"network":[137],"architecture":[138,148],"parameters.":[141],"The":[142,204],"experimental":[143,187],"show":[145],"obtained":[149],"using":[150],"method":[153],"offered":[154],"performance":[157],"less":[159],"than":[160,177],"1%":[161],"number":[164],"original":[167],"U-Net":[168],"parameters":[169,176],"particular":[171],"significantly":[174],"other":[178],"state-of-the-art":[179],"models.":[180],"Furthermore,":[181],"through":[182],"in-depth":[183],"investigation":[184],"results,":[188],"several":[189],"effective":[190],"operations":[191],"patterns":[193],"segmentations":[201],"were":[202],"identified.":[203],"codes":[205],"this":[207],"work":[208],"are":[209],"available":[210],"at":[211],"https://github.com/96jhwei/Genetic-U-Net.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T13:39:58.223016","created_date":"2021-06-22T00:00:00"}