{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3176251069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2021.3091207","title":"Patch-Based U-Net Model for Isotropic Quantitative Differential Phase Contrast Imaging","display_name":"Patch-Based U-Net Model for Isotropic Quantitative Differential Phase Contrast Imaging","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3176251069","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2021.3091207","mag":"3176251069","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34152982"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2021.3091207","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2021.3091207","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/42/9590090/09461739.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/42/9590090/09461739.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006584471","display_name":"An-Cin Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4933-6491"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"An-Cin Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027948208","display_name":"Sunil Vyas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1787-6562"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sunil Vyas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110832349","display_name":"Yu-Hsiang Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0581-257X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Hsiang Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024894629","display_name":"Yi\u2010You Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0712-1310"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131804","display_name":"National Taiwan University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03nteze27","country_code":"TW","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210131804"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-You Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan","National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131804"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110777122","display_name":"Hsuan\u2010Ming Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hsuan-Ming Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061063294","display_name":"Yuan Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9776-7897"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","Yong Lin Institute of Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Molecular Imaging Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yong Lin Institute of Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006584471"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0006,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91936463,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"11","first_page":"3229","last_page":"3237"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11897","display_name":"Digital Holography and Microscopy","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11897","display_name":"Digital Holography and Microscopy","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11183","display_name":"Advanced X-ray Imaging Techniques","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10638","display_name":"Optical measurement and interference techniques","score":0.9836999773979187,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7014704942703247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isotropy","display_name":"Isotropy","score":0.6999003887176514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5918594002723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase","display_name":"Phase (matter)","score":0.566493570804596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5369188189506531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.5365035533905029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.45512670278549194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anisotropy","display_name":"Anisotropy","score":0.4165133833885193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.41598227620124817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3450555205345154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2457868754863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.23789513111114502}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7014704942703247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184050105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273163","display_name":"Isotropy","level":2,"score":0.6999003887176514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5918594002723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.566493570804596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5369188189506531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.5365035533905029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.45512670278549194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85725439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466686","display_name":"Anisotropy","level":2,"score":0.4165133833885193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.41598227620124817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3450555205345154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2457868754863739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.23789513111114502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008858","descriptor_name":"Microscopy, Phase-Contrast","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008858","descriptor_name":"Microscopy, Phase-Contrast","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008858","descriptor_name":"Microscopy, Phase-Contrast","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2021.3091207","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2021.3091207","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/42/9590090/09461739.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:34152982","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34152982","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on medical imaging","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2021.3091207","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2021.3091207","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/42/9590090/09461739.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2472587158","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"08HZT49001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323900","funder_display_name":"National Taiwan University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3224645414","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"109L7839","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323900","funder_display_name":"National Taiwan University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4137677129","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"108-2221-E-002-168-MY4","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4989831938","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"108L7714","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323900","funder_display_name":"National Taiwan University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322795","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323900","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3176251069.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3176251069.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W360867074","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1658472922","https://openalex.org/W1710476689","https://openalex.org/W1884191083","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1910109443","https://openalex.org/W1980774072","https://openalex.org/W1980847489","https://openalex.org/W1983348509","https://openalex.org/W1991101760","https://openalex.org/W2048248055","https://openalex.org/W2055129569","https://openalex.org/W2062159112","https://openalex.org/W2064076387","https://openalex.org/W2221784882","https://openalex.org/W2517760358","https://openalex.org/W2554348690","https://openalex.org/W2593966629","https://openalex.org/W2612688942","https://openalex.org/W2740811129","https://openalex.org/W2754754109","https://openalex.org/W2762685704","https://openalex.org/W2774320778","https://openalex.org/W2804551455","https://openalex.org/W2808624744","https://openalex.org/W2885076424","https://openalex.org/W2890936603","https://openalex.org/W2892479404","https://openalex.org/W2904591139","https://openalex.org/W2917684769","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963698847","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964231206","https://openalex.org/W2964299526","https://openalex.org/W2971419816","https://openalex.org/W2972524337","https://openalex.org/W2979055360","https://openalex.org/W2998494322","https://openalex.org/W3017439253","https://openalex.org/W3020963216","https://openalex.org/W3037529526","https://openalex.org/W3045067783","https://openalex.org/W3048891246","https://openalex.org/W3091920808","https://openalex.org/W3096732628","https://openalex.org/W3098900881","https://openalex.org/W3106459670","https://openalex.org/W3171947006","https://openalex.org/W4298289240","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6637568146","https://openalex.org/W6639824700","https://openalex.org/W6796952004"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2097618123","https://openalex.org/W2486669035","https://openalex.org/W1965183937","https://openalex.org/W2002964458","https://openalex.org/W4293660770","https://openalex.org/W1995301894","https://openalex.org/W4237298715","https://openalex.org/W1501537957","https://openalex.org/W2925103490","https://openalex.org/W2273543909"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantitative":[0],"differential":[1],"phase-contrast":[2],"(qDPC)":[3],"imaging":[4,20],"is":[5,47,112,167],"a":[6,48,74,115],"label-free":[7],"phase":[8,13,28,38,160,183],"retrieval":[9],"method":[10,61,147,229],"for":[11,62,107,130,181,222,237],"weak":[12],"objects":[14],"using":[15,57,218],"asymmetric":[16],"illumination.":[17],"However,":[18],"qDPC":[19,64,150,224],"with":[21,114,204],"fewer":[22],"intensity":[23],"measurements":[24,42],"leads":[25],"to":[26,35,84,155,172,175],"anisotropic":[27,95],"distribution":[29],"in":[30,162,192,232],"reconstructed":[31,88,194],"images.":[32,195],"In":[33,118,196],"order":[34],"obtain":[36],"isotropic":[37,63,87,223],"transfer":[39],"function,":[40],"multiple":[41],"are":[43,202],"required;":[44],"thus,":[45],"it":[46],"time-consuming":[49],"process.":[50],"Here,":[51],"we":[52],"propose":[53],"the":[54,67,103,109,163,215,219],"feasibility":[55],"of":[56,70,105,124,152,165,217],"deep":[58],"learning":[59],"(DL)":[60],"microscopy":[65],"from":[66,93,139,169,199],"least":[68],"number":[69,104],"measurements.":[71,157],"We":[72],"utilize":[73],"commonly":[75],"used":[76,129],"convolutional":[77],"neural":[78],"network":[79],"namely":[80],"U-net":[81,110,220],"architecture,":[82],"trained":[83,113],"generate":[85],"12-axis":[86,156],"cell":[89,96,126,238],"images":[90,97,106,127,151],"(i.e.":[91,98],"output)":[92],"1-axis":[94,149,193],"input).":[99],"To":[100],"further":[101],"extend":[102],"training,":[108,131],"model":[111,201,221],"patch-wise":[116],"approach.":[117],"this":[119],"work,":[120],"seven":[121],"different":[122],"types":[123],"living":[125],"were":[128],"validation,":[132],"and":[133,206,211],"testing":[134,140],"datasets.":[135],"The":[136,158,226],"results":[137,198],"obtained":[138],"datasets":[141],"show":[142,214],"that":[143],"our":[144,200],"proposed":[145,227],"DL-based":[146,228],"generates":[148],"similar":[153],"accuracy":[154],"quantitative":[159,235],"value":[161],"region":[164],"interest":[166],"recovered":[168],"66%":[170],"up":[171],"97%,":[173],"compared":[174,203],"ground-truth":[176],"values,":[177],"providing":[178],"solid":[179],"evidence":[180],"improved":[182],"uniformity,":[184],"as":[185,187],"well":[186],"retrieved":[188],"missing":[189],"spatial":[190],"frequencies":[191],"addition,":[197],"paired":[205],"unpaired":[207],"CycleGANs.":[208],"Higher":[209],"PSNR":[210],"SSIM":[212],"values":[213],"advantage":[216],"microscopy.":[225],"may":[230],"help":[231],"performing":[233],"high-resolution":[234],"studies":[236],"biology.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-26T15:22:09.906841","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
