{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3023826944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2020.2992108","title":"Class-Agnostic Weighted Normalization of Staining in Histopathology Images Using a Spatially Constrained Mixture Model","display_name":"Class-Agnostic Weighted Normalization of Staining in Histopathology Images Using a Spatially Constrained Mixture Model","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3023826944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2020.2992108","mag":"3023826944","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32386145"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2020.2992108","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2020.2992108","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/42/9242349/09086617.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/42/9242349/09086617.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056865471","display_name":"Sobhan Shafiei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4826-2926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115566878","display_name":"Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman","ror":"https://ror.org/04zn42r77","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115566878"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA","IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sobhan Shafiei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mathematics and Computer, Shahid Bahonar University of Krman, Kerman, Iran","Laboratory for Knowledge Inference in Medical Image Analysis (Kimia Laboratory), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","Mahani Mathematical Research Center, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mathematics and Computer, Shahid Bahonar University of Krman, Kerman, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115566878"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Knowledge Inference in Medical Image Analysis (Kimia Laboratory), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mahani Mathematical Research Center, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115566878"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042926046","display_name":"Amir Safarpoor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6927-5617"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Safarpoor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Knowledge Inference in Medical Image Analysis (Kimia Laboratory), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Knowledge Inference in Medical Image Analysis (Kimia Laboratory), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078078373","display_name":"Ahad Jamalizadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4216-1956"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115566878","display_name":"Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman","ror":"https://ror.org/04zn42r77","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115566878"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahad Jamalizadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Mathematics and Computer, Shahid Bahonar University of Krman, Kerman, Iran","Mahani Mathematical Research Center, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Mathematics and Computer, Shahid Bahonar University of Krman, Kerman, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115566878"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mahani Mathematical Research Center, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115566878"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038566332","display_name":"Hamid R. Tizhoosh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5488-601X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. R. Tizhoosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory for Knowledge Inference in Medical Image Analysis (Kimia Laboratory), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory for Knowledge Inference in Medical Image Analysis (Kimia Laboratory), University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056865471"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115566878","https://openalex.org/I151746483"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9031,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88770549,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"11","first_page":"3355","last_page":"3366"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9894000291824341,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9668999910354614,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.7909071445465088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7214416265487671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7051935195922852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6573961973190308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stain","display_name":"Stain","score":0.624340295791626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4582279622554779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.43227261304855347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.15443190932273865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/staining","display_name":"Staining","score":0.12802648544311523}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.7909071445465088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7214416265487671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7051935195922852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6573961973190308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781294515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2733470","display_name":"Stain","level":3,"score":0.624340295791626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4582279622554779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.43227261304855347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.15443190932273865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74864618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2332446","display_name":"Staining","level":2,"score":0.12802648544311523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003116","descriptor_name":"Color","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003116","descriptor_name":"Color","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003116","descriptor_name":"Color","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003936","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003936","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003936","descriptor_name":"Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013194","descriptor_name":"Staining and Labeling","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013194","descriptor_name":"Staining and Labeling","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013194","descriptor_name":"Staining and Labeling","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2020.2992108","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2020.2992108","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/42/9242349/09086617.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32386145","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32386145","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on medical imaging","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2020.2992108","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2020.2992108","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/42/9242349/09086617.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8520920988","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Ontario","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314607","funder_display_name":"Government of Ontario"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314607","display_name":"Government of Ontario","ror":"https://ror.org/015pzp858"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3023826944.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3023826944.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1503393361","https://openalex.org/W1597336200","https://openalex.org/W1651266332","https://openalex.org/W1950315773","https://openalex.org/W1972168313","https://openalex.org/W1974758710","https://openalex.org/W1977556410","https://openalex.org/W1986750896","https://openalex.org/W2004007806","https://openalex.org/W2004214963","https://openalex.org/W2010943731","https://openalex.org/W2020999234","https://openalex.org/W2043144662","https://openalex.org/W2047729040","https://openalex.org/W2057114171","https://openalex.org/W2069549207","https://openalex.org/W2109820980","https://openalex.org/W2113076747","https://openalex.org/W2115438075","https://openalex.org/W2117853077","https://openalex.org/W2122394460","https://openalex.org/W2129112648","https://openalex.org/W2132106992","https://openalex.org/W2132162500","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2136573752","https://openalex.org/W2159421729","https://openalex.org/W2162831671","https://openalex.org/W2168175751","https://openalex.org/W2296840022","https://openalex.org/W2343160907","https://openalex.org/W2488678869","https://openalex.org/W2569123556","https://openalex.org/W2592905743","https://openalex.org/W2610245538","https://openalex.org/W2885824038","https://openalex.org/W2886327600","https://openalex.org/W2900089068","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W4213262319","https://openalex.org/W4235169531","https://openalex.org/W6635816984","https://openalex.org/W6679648742"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2591697403","https://openalex.org/W2944728705","https://openalex.org/W2904022177","https://openalex.org/W2362517148","https://openalex.org/W2594860026","https://openalex.org/W2359348847","https://openalex.org/W3011538607","https://openalex.org/W4294432981","https://openalex.org/W4321441197","https://openalex.org/W2382509367"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,96,129,158],"colorless":[1],"biopsied":[2],"tissue":[3],"samples":[4],"are":[5,55],"usually":[6],"stained":[7],"in":[8,62,182,194,203,208],"order":[9],"to":[10,109,137,175,186],"visualize":[11],"different":[12,37,148],"microscopic":[13],"structures":[14],"for":[15,57,73,85],"diagnostic":[16],"purposes.":[17],"But":[18],"color":[19,117],"variations":[20],"associated":[21],"with":[22,205],"the":[23,107,116,139,147,155,188],"process":[24],"of":[25,29,81,119,131,146,160,184,210],"sample":[26],"preparation,":[27],"usage":[28],"raw":[30],"materials,":[31],"diverse":[32],"staining":[33],"protocols,":[34],"and":[35,46,88,122,143,191,216],"using":[36],"slide":[38],"scanners":[39],"may":[40],"adversely":[41],"influence":[42],"both":[43,120,141],"visual":[44,213],"inspection":[45],"computer-aided":[47,218],"image":[48,59,113,189],"analysis.":[49],"As":[50],"a":[51,70,79,92,111],"result,":[52],"many":[53],"methods":[54,207],"proposed":[56,97,197],"histopathology":[58],"stain":[60,74,86,93,149,163],"normalization":[61,75,164,180],"recent":[63],"years.":[64],"In":[65],"this":[66,132,161],"study,":[67],"we":[68],"introduce":[69],"novel":[71],"approach":[72,133],"based":[76],"on":[77,168],"learning":[78,115],"mixture":[80],"multivariate":[82],"skew-normal":[83],"distributions":[84,145],"clustering":[87],"parameter":[89],"estimation":[90],"alongside":[91],"transformation":[94],"technique.":[95],"method,":[98],"labeled":[99],"\"Class-Agnostic":[100],"Weighted":[101],"Normalization\"":[102],"(short":[103],"CLAW":[104],"normalization),":[105],"has":[106],"ability":[108,185],"normalize":[110],"source":[112,121],"by":[114],"distribution":[118],"target":[123],"images":[124],"within":[125],"an":[126],"expectation-maximization":[127],"framework.":[128],"novelty":[130],"is":[134,153,166],"its":[135],"flexibility":[136],"quantify":[138],"underlying":[140],"symmetric":[142],"nonsymmetric":[144],"components":[150],"while":[151],"it":[152,177],"considering":[154],"spatial":[156],"information.":[157,192],"performance":[159],"new":[162],"scheme":[165],"tested":[167],"several":[169],"publicly":[170],"available":[171],"digital":[172],"pathology":[173],"datasets":[174],"compare":[176],"against":[178],"state-of-the-art":[179],"algorithms":[181],"terms":[183,209],"preserve":[187],"structure":[190],"All":[193],"all,":[195],"our":[196],"method":[198],"performed":[199],"superior":[200],"more":[201],"consistently":[202],"comparison":[204],"existing":[206],"information":[211],"preservation,":[212],"quality":[214],"enhancement,":[215],"boosting":[217],"diagnosis":[219],"algorithm":[220],"performance.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
