{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3022717569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2020.2990625","title":"Layer Embedding Analysis in Convolutional Neural Networks for Improved Probability Calibration and Classification","display_name":"Layer Embedding Analysis in Convolutional Neural Networks for Improved Probability Calibration and Classification","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3022717569","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2020.2990625","mag":"3022717569","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32356739"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2020.2990625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2020.2990625","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/42/9242349/09082023.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/42/9242349/09082023.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025758534","display_name":"Fan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2863-6938"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2863-6938","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030309917","display_name":"Nicha C. Dvornek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1648-6055"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicha Dvornek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101942528","display_name":"Junlin Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5381-169X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junlin Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5381-169X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008309831","display_name":"Julius Chapiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1984-2246"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julius Chapiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046673670","display_name":"James S. Duncan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5167-9856"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James Duncan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5167-9856","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0721,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82307933,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"39","issue":"11","first_page":"3331","last_page":"3342"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8026007413864136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6758583784103394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.6626576781272888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6363023519515991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/calibration","display_name":"Calibration","score":0.6056762933731079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.6044661998748779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contextual-image-classification","display_name":"Contextual image classification","score":0.5542947053909302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5510981678962708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5488312244415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5265237092971802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5249353051185608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-distribution","display_name":"Probability distribution","score":0.49460551142692566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.44362372159957886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.4105912446975708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.40676623582839966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3764297068119049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10736247897148132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09858852624893188}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8026007413864136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6758583784103394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.6626576781272888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6363023519515991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.6056762933731079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.6044661998748779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.5542947053909302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5510981678962708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5488312244415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5265237092971802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5249353051185608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.49460551142692566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.44362372159957886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.4105912446975708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.40676623582839966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3764297068119049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10736247897148132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09858852624893188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002138","descriptor_name":"Calibration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002138","descriptor_name":"Calibration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002138","descriptor_name":"Calibration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002138","descriptor_name":"Calibration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002138","descriptor_name":"Calibration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008099","descriptor_name":"Liver","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008099","descriptor_name":"Liver","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008099","descriptor_name":"Liver","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008099","descriptor_name":"Liver","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008099","descriptor_name":"Liver","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D021621","descriptor_name":"Imaging, Three-Dimensional","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D021621","descriptor_name":"Imaging, Three-Dimensional","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D021621","descriptor_name":"Imaging, Three-Dimensional","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D021621","descriptor_name":"Imaging, Three-Dimensional","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D021621","descriptor_name":"Imaging, Three-Dimensional","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2020.2990625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2020.2990625","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/42/9242349/09082023.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:32356739","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32356739","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on medical imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7606489","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7606489","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Trans Med Imaging","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2020.2990625","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2020.2990625","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/42/9242349/09082023.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6100000143051147}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1044130170","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"UL1TR001863\u00d0","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","funder_display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G257395068","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01CA206180","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5527591226","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"5R01CA206180","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337472","display_name":"National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04pw6fb54"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3022717569.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3022717569.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":81,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W582134693","https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1618905105","https://openalex.org/W1787224781","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1915485278","https://openalex.org/W1982428585","https://openalex.org/W2012942264","https://openalex.org/W2036354953","https://openalex.org/W2098824882","https://openalex.org/W2103328396","https://openalex.org/W2111051539","https://openalex.org/W2133224992","https://openalex.org/W2137278143","https://openalex.org/W2162931300","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2254249950","https://openalex.org/W2277004004","https://openalex.org/W2412782625","https://openalex.org/W2517954747","https://openalex.org/W2531327146","https://openalex.org/W2559905398","https://openalex.org/W2581377246","https://openalex.org/W2593634001","https://openalex.org/W2604715479","https://openalex.org/W2623790698","https://openalex.org/W2626967530","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2793165286","https://openalex.org/W2798122215","https://openalex.org/W2884436604","https://openalex.org/W2887382745","https://openalex.org/W2887926055","https://openalex.org/W2887976372","https://openalex.org/W2891871283","https://openalex.org/W2910094941","https://openalex.org/W2911188335","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2951266961","https://openalex.org/W2962700793","https://openalex.org/W2962851944","https://openalex.org/W2963096987","https://openalex.org/W2963238274","https://openalex.org/W2963420686","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2963989815","https://openalex.org/W2964059111","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W2964212410","https://openalex.org/W2998722611","https://openalex.org/W3035675766","https://openalex.org/W3137695714","https://openalex.org/W4297749952","https://openalex.org/W4297790878","https://openalex.org/W4297798436","https://openalex.org/W4300126339","https://openalex.org/W4309233581","https://openalex.org/W6617145748","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6636501900","https://openalex.org/W6639824700","https://openalex.org/W6675415620","https://openalex.org/W6680171035","https://openalex.org/W6683965311","https://openalex.org/W6685133223","https://openalex.org/W6691692454","https://openalex.org/W6725739302","https://openalex.org/W6728622933","https://openalex.org/W6730042731","https://openalex.org/W6730450714","https://openalex.org/W6732696085","https://openalex.org/W6739651123","https://openalex.org/W6740005241","https://openalex.org/W6749162425","https://openalex.org/W6750469568","https://openalex.org/W6755319539","https://openalex.org/W6758047254","https://openalex.org/W6763485134","https://openalex.org/W6764214684","https://openalex.org/W6772996374"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3193043704","https://openalex.org/W4386259002","https://openalex.org/W1546989560","https://openalex.org/W2081900870","https://openalex.org/W3171520305","https://openalex.org/W3135126032","https://openalex.org/W1924178503","https://openalex.org/W4308716060","https://openalex.org/W4280648719","https://openalex.org/W4386937079"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,30,80,98,190],"project,":[2],"our":[3,115,146],"goal":[4],"is":[5,148,166,192],"to":[6,28,78,84,152,158,185,196,200],"develop":[7],"a":[8,13,23,76,102,109,134],"method":[9,100,147,191],"for":[10,22,32,65,90,108,125,169],"interpreting":[11],"how":[12,67],"neural":[14,105],"network":[15,69,106],"makes":[16],"layer-by-layer":[17],"embedded":[18,163],"decisions":[19],"when":[20],"trained":[21,107],"classification":[24,112],"task,":[25],"and":[26,94,178,198],"also":[27,167],"use":[29,79],"insight":[31],"improving":[33,170],"the":[34,43,46,56,68,86,162,181],"model":[35,88,171],"performance.":[36],"To":[37],"do":[38],"this,":[39],"we":[40,74],"first":[41],"approximate":[42],"distribution":[44],"of":[45,58,175],"image":[47],"representations":[48],"in":[49,101,173],"these":[50],"embeddings":[51],"using":[52],"random":[53],"forest":[54],"models,":[55],"output":[57,83,89],"which,":[59],"termed":[60],"embedding":[61,82],"outputs,":[62],"are":[63,156],"used":[64],"measuring":[66],"classifies":[70],"each":[71],"sample.":[72],"Next,":[73],"design":[75],"pipeline":[77],"layer":[81],"calibrate":[85],"original":[87],"improved":[91],"probability":[92,176],"calibration":[93,177],"classification.":[95],"We":[96],"apply":[97],"two-steps":[99],"fully":[103],"convolutional":[104],"liver":[110],"tissue":[111],"task":[113],"on":[114,133],"institutional":[116],"dataset":[117,136],"that":[118,145,155,161],"contains":[119],"20":[120],"3D":[121,139],"multi-parameter":[122],"MR":[123],"images":[124],"patients":[126],"with":[127,137],"hepatocellular":[128],"carcinoma,":[129],"as":[130,132],"well":[131],"public":[135],"131":[138],"CT":[140],"images.":[141],"The":[142],"results":[143],"show":[144],"not":[149],"only":[150],"able":[151],"provide":[153],"visualizations":[154],"easy":[157,195],"interpret,":[159],"but":[160],"decision-based":[164],"information":[165],"useful":[168],"performance":[172,183],"terms":[174],"classification,":[179],"achieving":[180],"best":[182],"compared":[184],"other":[186],"baseline":[187],"methods.":[188],"Moreover,":[189],"computationally":[193],"efficient,":[194],"implement,":[197],"robust":[199],"hyper-parameters.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
