{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2940980201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2019.2912137","title":"X-Ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography Induced by Photon, Electron, and Proton Beams","display_name":"X-Ray Fluorescence Computed Tomography Induced by Photon, Electron, and Proton Beams","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2940980201","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2019.2912137","mag":"2940980201","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31021762"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2019.2912137","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2019.2912137","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051694808","display_name":"Chelsea A. S. Dunning","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3252-8817"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chelsea A. S. Dunning","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3252-8817","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022479825","display_name":"Magdalena Bazalova\u2010Carter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9365-2889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I212119943","display_name":"University of Victoria","ror":"https://ror.org/04s5mat29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Magdalena Bazalova-Carter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9365-2889","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I212119943"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0968,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.40512572,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"12","first_page":"2735","last_page":"2743"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12386","display_name":"Advanced X-ray and CT Imaging","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10844","display_name":"Radiation Dose and Imaging","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10522","display_name":"Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imaging-phantom","display_name":"Imaging phantom","score":0.8683055639266968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.6235884428024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon","display_name":"Photon","score":0.6208826899528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.5880951285362244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron","display_name":"Electron","score":0.5467549562454224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proton","display_name":"Proton","score":0.5044711828231812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.4131355881690979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-physics","display_name":"Nuclear physics","score":0.177899569272995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104293457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28324852","display_name":"Imaging phantom","level":2,"score":0.8683055639266968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.6235884428024292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.6208826899528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.5880951285362244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147120987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225","display_name":"Electron","level":2,"score":0.5467549562454224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54516573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2294","display_name":"Proton","level":2,"score":0.5044711828231812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4131355881690979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.177899569272995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004601","descriptor_name":"Elementary Particles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004601","descriptor_name":"Elementary Particles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004601","descriptor_name":"Elementary Particles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006046","descriptor_name":"Gold","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006046","descriptor_name":"Gold","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006046","descriptor_name":"Gold","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009010","descriptor_name":"Monte Carlo Method","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009010","descriptor_name":"Monte Carlo Method","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009010","descriptor_name":"Monte Carlo Method","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019047","descriptor_name":"Phantoms, Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019047","descriptor_name":"Phantoms, Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019047","descriptor_name":"Phantoms, Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053768","descriptor_name":"Metal Nanoparticles","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053768","descriptor_name":"Metal Nanoparticles","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D053768","descriptor_name":"Metal Nanoparticles","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057054","descriptor_name":"Molecular Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057054","descriptor_name":"Molecular Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057054","descriptor_name":"Molecular Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2019.2912137","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2019.2912137","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31021762","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31021762","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on medical imaging","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314000","display_name":"Compute Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/03ty8yr27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320314005","display_name":"Western Canada Research Grid","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320994","display_name":"Canada Research Chairs","ror":"https://ror.org/0517h6h17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W560592272","https://openalex.org/W1753081326","https://openalex.org/W1912693941","https://openalex.org/W1978153144","https://openalex.org/W1981418870","https://openalex.org/W2001122017","https://openalex.org/W2029532403","https://openalex.org/W2030544564","https://openalex.org/W2031864052","https://openalex.org/W2039075972","https://openalex.org/W2046031025","https://openalex.org/W2051584429","https://openalex.org/W2061294304","https://openalex.org/W2069629287","https://openalex.org/W2069851326","https://openalex.org/W2072180179","https://openalex.org/W2110721989","https://openalex.org/W2121526802","https://openalex.org/W2128158076","https://openalex.org/W2135396471","https://openalex.org/W2145238798","https://openalex.org/W2600682405","https://openalex.org/W2795111039","https://openalex.org/W2804370793","https://openalex.org/W2898776965","https://openalex.org/W2924018592","https://openalex.org/W4254693803","https://openalex.org/W4300517844"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2417440389","https://openalex.org/W4385556839","https://openalex.org/W2734382758","https://openalex.org/W4378746257","https://openalex.org/W2109481748","https://openalex.org/W2381719890","https://openalex.org/W2948918209","https://openalex.org/W2040853802","https://openalex.org/W1966818984","https://openalex.org/W4385690457"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"X-ray":[0],"fluorescence":[1],"CT":[2,121],"(XFCT)":[3],"has":[4,16],"shown":[5],"promise":[6],"for":[7,43,211,273],"molecular":[8],"imaging":[9,226,251,264],"of":[10,64,88,192,232],"gold":[11,177],"nanoparticles.":[12],"To":[13],"date,":[14],"XFCT":[15,35,84,167,250,269],"been":[17],"induced":[18,36,85,257],"by":[19,37,66,86],"kilovoltage":[20],"photon":[21],"beams":[22,42,87,128],"due":[23],"to":[24,240,262],"the":[25,152,182,193,200,203,248,253],"high":[26,263],"photoelectric":[27],"interaction":[28],"probability.":[29],"We":[30],"compare":[31],"K-shell":[32,153,185],"and":[33,40,49,57,107,132,154,163,186,190,209,218,237,267],"L-shell":[34,155,187,221],"photon,":[38],"electron,":[39],"proton":[41],"two":[44],"phantom":[45,52,80,116,137],"sizes.":[46],"A":[47],"2.5":[48,201],"5.0-cm":[50],"diameter":[51],"with":[53,62,83,123,129,258],"four":[54],"5":[55,97],"mm":[56,59],"10":[58,91,103],"vials,":[60],"respectively,":[61],"gold-solutions":[63],"0.1%-2%":[65],"weight":[67],"were":[68,118,143,158,169,206],"built":[69],"in":[70,160,181,235],"TOPAS,":[71],"a":[72],"GEANT4-based":[73],"Monte":[74],"Carlo":[75],"simulation":[76],"tool.":[77],"The":[78,112,140,175,224],"2.5-cm":[79],"was":[81,138,179,228],"imaged":[82],"7.45":[89],"\u00d7":[90,125],"<sup":[92],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[93],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">4</sup>":[94],"81":[95,183,212],"keVand":[96],"MeV-photons,":[98],"220":[99],"kVpand":[100],"6":[101],"MV-photons,":[102],"MeVand":[104,109],"100":[105,108,215,219],"MeV-electrons,":[106],"250":[110],"MeVprotons.":[111],"doses":[113],"between":[114],"each":[115,136],"size":[117],"equal.":[119],"First-generation":[120],"geometry":[122],"0.5mm":[124,126],"pencil":[127],"0.5":[130,161],"mm-translation":[131],"2\u00b0-rotation":[133],"steps":[134],"over":[135],"modeled.":[139],"scattered":[141],"x-rays":[142,157],"detected":[144],"on":[145],"an":[146],"idealized":[147],"spherical":[148],"detector":[149],"from":[150],"which":[151],"fluorescent":[156],"extracted":[159],"keV":[162,165],"0.2":[164],"bins.":[166],"images":[168,188],"generated":[170],"using":[171],"iterative":[172],"reconstruction":[173],"algorithms.":[174],"highest":[176],"sensitivity":[178],"seen":[180],"keV-photon":[184,213],"(0.004%":[189],"0.007%)":[191],"5.0":[194],"cm-phantom":[195],"at":[196],"30":[197],"mGy.":[198],"For":[199],"cm-phantom,":[202],"detection":[204],"limits":[205],"0.006%,":[207],"0.62%,":[208],"0.28%":[210],"K-shell,":[214,217],"MeV-electron":[216],"MeV-proton":[220],"images,":[222],"respectively.":[223],"mean":[225],"dose":[227],"approximately":[229],"2-3":[230],"orders":[231],"magnitude":[233],"higher":[234],"electron-":[236,266],"proton-XFCT":[238],"compared":[239],"81keV-photon":[241],"XFCT.":[242],"Our":[243],"MC":[244],"study":[245],"demonstrates":[246],"that":[247],"small-object":[249],"achieves":[252],"best":[254],"performance":[255],"when":[256],"kilovoltage-photon":[259],"beams.":[260],"Due":[261],"doses,":[265],"proton-induced":[268],"might":[270],"be":[271],"feasible":[272],"guiding":[274],"nanoparticle-enhanced":[275],"charged-particle":[276],"radiotherapy.":[277]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}