{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2901030517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2018.2881415","title":"Synthesizing Chest X-Ray Pathology for Training Deep Convolutional Neural Networks","display_name":"Synthesizing Chest X-Ray Pathology for Training Deep Convolutional Neural Networks","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-11-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2901030517","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2018.2881415","mag":"2901030517","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30442603"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2018.2881415","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2018.2881415","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035444332","display_name":"Hojjat Salehinejad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9636-863X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hojjat Salehinejad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054411765","display_name":"Errol Colak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3771-7975"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297363086","display_name":"St. Michael's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04skqfp25","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297363086","https://openalex.org/I4399598460"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Errol Colak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada","Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297363086"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297363086"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089533105","display_name":"Tim Dowdell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297363086","display_name":"St. Michael's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04skqfp25","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297363086","https://openalex.org/I4399598460"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tim Dowdell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada","Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297363086"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297363086"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110602777","display_name":"Joseph Barfett","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297363086","display_name":"St. Michael's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04skqfp25","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297363086","https://openalex.org/I4399598460"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Barfett","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada","Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael\u2019s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297363086"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Imaging, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297363086"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089951737","display_name":"Shahrokh Valaee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6254-1660"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahrokh Valaee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035444332"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.4617,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":111,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98057836,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"5","first_page":"1197","last_page":"1206"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11775","display_name":"COVID-19 diagnosis using AI","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9879000186920166,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.8422914743423462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7417001128196716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7253661751747131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.712500274181366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.6655428409576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4760953187942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-adversarial-network","display_name":"Generative adversarial network","score":0.45237717032432556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-diagnosis","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","score":0.43011462688446045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.344379723072052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3247007131576538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.20399433374404907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.14026904106140137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.8422914743423462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7417001128196716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7253661751747131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.712500274181366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.6655428409576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4760953187942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988773926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25104379","display_name":"Generative adversarial network","level":3,"score":0.45237717032432556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.43011462688446045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.344379723072052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3247007131576538},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.20399433374404907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.14026904106140137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012140","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Tract Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012140","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Tract Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012140","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Tract Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013902","descriptor_name":"Radiography, Thoracic","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013902","descriptor_name":"Radiography, Thoracic","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013902","descriptor_name":"Radiography, Thoracic","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2018.2881415","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2018.2881415","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:30442603","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30442603","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on medical imaging","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"No poverty","score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1665214252","https://openalex.org/W1677182931","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1976526581","https://openalex.org/W1977556410","https://openalex.org/W2089468765","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2099471712","https://openalex.org/W2139944186","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2173520492","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2187089797","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2271840356","https://openalex.org/W2419597278","https://openalex.org/W2509065397","https://openalex.org/W2562469482","https://openalex.org/W2567079332","https://openalex.org/W2576764453","https://openalex.org/W2585386021","https://openalex.org/W2594721753","https://openalex.org/W2617128058","https://openalex.org/W2726304302","https://openalex.org/W2726555724","https://openalex.org/W2735429996","https://openalex.org/W2737861305","https://openalex.org/W2743780012","https://openalex.org/W2745006834","https://openalex.org/W2745153865","https://openalex.org/W2751642492","https://openalex.org/W2753092023","https://openalex.org/W2761299546","https://openalex.org/W2781626870","https://openalex.org/W2793197658","https://openalex.org/W2794103425","https://openalex.org/W2949286170","https://openalex.org/W2951720371","https://openalex.org/W2952038462","https://openalex.org/W2962744952","https://openalex.org/W2962816100","https://openalex.org/W2962817573","https://openalex.org/W2963999992","https://openalex.org/W2964350391","https://openalex.org/W3098357269","https://openalex.org/W3098507578","https://openalex.org/W4298629799","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W6637242042","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6694260854","https://openalex.org/W6731131025","https://openalex.org/W6734374908","https://openalex.org/W6749278580"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4249377076","https://openalex.org/W4210389441","https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W1910186363","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W4312417841","https://openalex.org/W3193565141","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3029198973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Medical":[0],"datasets":[1,28],"are":[2,142,147],"often":[3],"highly":[4],"imbalanced":[5],"with":[6,99,117],"over-representation":[7],"of":[8,14,72,90,96,102,132],"prevalent":[9],"conditions":[10],"and":[11,74,104],"poor":[12],"representation":[13],"rare":[15],"medical":[16,38],"conditions.":[17],"Due":[18],"to":[19,25,43,56,77,84,129],"privacy":[20],"concerns,":[21],"it":[22],"is":[23,126],"challenging":[24],"aggregate":[26],"large":[27],"between":[29],"health":[30],"care":[31],"institutions.":[32],"We":[33,47,68],"propose":[34],"synthesizing":[35],"pathology":[36,86,121],"in":[37,120,144],"images":[39,76,106,119,146],"as":[40],"a":[41,49,63,70],"means":[42],"overcome":[44],"these":[45,109],"challenges.":[46],"implement":[48],"deep":[50,79],"convolutional":[51,80],"generative":[52],"adversarial":[53],"network":[54],"(DCGAN)":[55],"create":[57],"synthesized":[58,75,105,137],"chest":[59,91],"X-rays":[60],"based":[61],"upon":[62],"modest":[64],"sized":[65],"labeled":[66],"dataset.":[67],"used":[69],"combination":[71,101],"real":[73,103,118],"train":[78],"neural":[81],"networks":[82,110,114],"(DCNNs)":[83],"detect":[85],"across":[87],"five":[88],"classes":[89,140],"X-rays.":[92],"The":[93],"comparative":[94],"study":[95],"DCNNs":[97],"trained":[98,115],"the":[100,130,133],"showed":[107],"that":[108,141],"can":[111],"outperform":[112],"similar":[113],"solely":[116],"classification.":[122],"This":[123],"improved":[124],"performance":[125],"largely":[127],"attributable":[128],"balancing":[131],"dataset":[134],"using":[135],"DCGAN":[136],"images,":[138],"where":[139],"lacking":[143],"example":[145],"preferentially":[148],"augmented.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
