{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2520109301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2016.2609889","title":"Minimum Variance Approaches to Ultrasound Pixel-Based Beamforming","display_name":"Minimum Variance Approaches to Ultrasound Pixel-Based Beamforming","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-09-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2520109301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2016.2609889","mag":"2520109301","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27654321"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2016.2609889","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2016.2609889","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/261201","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101858087","display_name":"Nghia Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9017-5522"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096386","display_name":"Bridge University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cbm0437","country_code":"SS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096386"]}],"countries":["GB","SS"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nghia Q. Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering Division, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering Division, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096386","https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013420411","display_name":"Richard W. Prager","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7364-6561"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210096386","display_name":"Bridge University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cbm0437","country_code":"SS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210096386"]}],"countries":["GB","SS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard W. Prager","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Engineering Division, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Engineering Division, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210096386","https://openalex.org/I241749"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101858087"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749","https://openalex.org/I4210096386"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8534,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90135229,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"2","first_page":"374","last_page":"384"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10727","display_name":"Ultrasound Imaging and Elastography","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10727","display_name":"Ultrasound Imaging and Elastography","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10662","display_name":"Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimum-variance-unbiased-estimator","display_name":"Minimum-variance unbiased estimator","score":0.7451832890510559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7006130218505859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6975797414779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6247783303260803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5396291017532349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-beamformer","display_name":"Adaptive beamformer","score":0.48298540711402893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance-matrix","display_name":"Covariance matrix","score":0.47259482741355896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.44046199321746826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.4311399459838867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39481648802757263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2845398783683777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2506459653377533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.1671331524848938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.12930834293365479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11706879734992981}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165646398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3755281","display_name":"Minimum-variance unbiased estimator","level":3,"score":0.7451832890510559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7006130218505859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6975797414779663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6247783303260803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5396291017532349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33378366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680719","display_name":"Adaptive beamformer","level":3,"score":0.48298540711402893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185142706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134404","display_name":"Covariance matrix","level":2,"score":0.47259482741355896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.44046199321746826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.4311399459838867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39481648802757263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2845398783683777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2506459653377533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1671331524848938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.12930834293365479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11706879734992981}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011312","descriptor_name":"Pressure","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011312","descriptor_name":"Pressure","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011312","descriptor_name":"Pressure","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019047","descriptor_name":"Phantoms, Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019047","descriptor_name":"Phantoms, Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019047","descriptor_name":"Phantoms, Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059629","descriptor_name":"Signal-To-Noise Ratio","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059629","descriptor_name":"Signal-To-Noise Ratio","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059629","descriptor_name":"Signal-To-Noise Ratio","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2016.2609889","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2016.2609889","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:27654321","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27654321","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on medical imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/261201","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/261201","pdf_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/261201","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401777","display_name":"Apollo (University of Cambridge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I241749","host_organization_name":"University of Cambridge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:generic.eprints.org:809769","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://publications.eng.cam.ac.uk/809769/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922847","display_name":"Cambridge University Engineering Department Publications Database","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.17863/cam.6370","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.6370","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407050737","display_name":"Apollo","issn_l":null,"issn":[],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:www.repository.cam.ac.uk:1810/261201","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/261201","pdf_url":"https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/261201","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401777","display_name":"Apollo (University of Cambridge)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I241749","host_organization_name":"University of Cambridge","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2520109301.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2520109301.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W576506256","https://openalex.org/W1538006934","https://openalex.org/W1979862094","https://openalex.org/W1980602579","https://openalex.org/W1997967303","https://openalex.org/W2020844483","https://openalex.org/W2025156967","https://openalex.org/W2045876071","https://openalex.org/W2055772191","https://openalex.org/W2081359092","https://openalex.org/W2090089825","https://openalex.org/W2100536561","https://openalex.org/W2101045631","https://openalex.org/W2102338493","https://openalex.org/W2107631029","https://openalex.org/W2111888717","https://openalex.org/W2120579230","https://openalex.org/W2123908547","https://openalex.org/W2124677408","https://openalex.org/W2136274821","https://openalex.org/W2140214929","https://openalex.org/W2145610402","https://openalex.org/W2156008513","https://openalex.org/W2156649005","https://openalex.org/W2160114273","https://openalex.org/W2164256114","https://openalex.org/W2166343165","https://openalex.org/W2167589082","https://openalex.org/W2168128704","https://openalex.org/W2171857449","https://openalex.org/W2196292687","https://openalex.org/W2205082701","https://openalex.org/W2798368384","https://openalex.org/W2952350176","https://openalex.org/W4307023509","https://openalex.org/W6846338499"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W818226659","https://openalex.org/W2996333928","https://openalex.org/W2009075871","https://openalex.org/W2132841313","https://openalex.org/W2518591292","https://openalex.org/W2105408150","https://openalex.org/W1976800395","https://openalex.org/W2803318287","https://openalex.org/W3013496310","https://openalex.org/W2548445082"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"analyze":[1],"the":[2,26,41,46,57,62,71,81,90,93,104,112,117,122,142,151,169,175,191,195,201,211,217,231],"principles":[3,220],"underlying":[4],"minimum":[5,83,218],"variance":[6,84,219],"distortionless":[7],"response":[8],"(MVDR)":[9],"beamforming":[10],"in":[11,74,103,178,186,199],"order":[12],"to":[13,110,126,140,190,210],"integrate":[14],"it":[15],"into":[16],"a":[17,22,99,179],"pixel-based":[18,85,94,193],"algorithm.":[19],"There":[20],"is":[21,124],"challenge":[23],"posed":[24],"by":[25,236],"low":[27],"echo":[28],"signal-to-noise":[29],"ratio":[30],"(eSNR)":[31],"when":[32],"calculating":[33],"beamformer":[34,58,87,172],"contributions":[35],"at":[36],"pixels":[37],"far":[38],"away":[39],"from":[40],"beam":[42],"centreline.":[43],"Together":[44],"with":[45,161],"well-known":[47],"scarcity":[48],"of":[49,101,181,230],"samples":[50],"for":[51,228],"covariance":[52],"matrix":[53,146],"estimation,":[54,147],"this":[55,67],"reduces":[56],"performance":[59],"and":[60,145,148,185],"degrades":[61],"image":[63,232],"quality.":[64],"To":[65],"address":[66],"challenge,":[68],"we":[69,79,115,136],"implement":[70],"MVDR":[72,91,123],"algorithm":[73,198],"two":[75],"different":[76],"ways.":[77],"First,":[78],"develop":[80,137],"conventional":[82,176],"(MVPB)":[86],"that":[88,208,233],"performs":[89,204],"after":[92],"superposition":[95],"step.":[96],"This":[97],"involves":[98],"combination":[100],"methods":[102,155],"literature,":[105],"extended":[106],"over":[107],"multiple":[108],"transmits":[109],"increase":[111],"eSNR.":[113],"Then":[114],"propose":[116],"coherent":[118,170,202],"MVPB":[119,171,177,203],"beamformer,":[120,194],"where":[121],"applied":[125],"data":[127,143,159],"within":[128],"individual":[129],"transmits.":[130],"Based":[131],"on":[132,158,206,215],"pressure":[133],"field":[134],"analysis,":[135],"new":[138],"algorithms":[139],"improve":[141],"alignment":[144],"hence":[149],"overcome":[150],"low-eSNR":[152],"issue.":[153],"The":[154,166],"are":[156,221,234],"demonstrated":[157],"acquired":[160],"an":[162],"ultrasound":[163],"open":[164],"platform.":[165],"results":[167,227],"show":[168],"substantially":[173],"outperforms":[174],"series":[180],"experiments,":[182],"including":[183],"phantom":[184],"vivo":[187],"studies.":[188],"Compared":[189],"unified":[192],"newest":[196],"delay-and-sum":[197],"[1],":[200],"well":[205],"regions":[207],"conform":[209],"diffuse":[212],"scattering":[213],"assumptions":[214],"which":[216],"based.":[222],"It":[223],"produces":[224],"less":[225],"good":[226],"parts":[229],"dominated":[235],"specular":[237],"reflections.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}