{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2051295922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2014.2371235","title":"The Delay Multiply and Sum Beamforming Algorithm in Ultrasound B-Mode Medical Imaging","display_name":"The Delay Multiply and Sum Beamforming Algorithm in Ultrasound B-Mode Medical Imaging","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2051295922","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2014.2371235","mag":"2051295922","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25420256"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2014.2371235","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2014.2371235","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016355934","display_name":"Giulia Matrone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3171-3348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Giulia Matrone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell'Informazione, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy","Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell\u2019Informazione, Universita\u2019 degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell'Informazione, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell\u2019Informazione, Universita\u2019 degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042180855","display_name":"Alessandro Stuart Savoia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1111-7437"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119003972","display_name":"Roma Tre University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vf0dg29","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119003972"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Stuart Savoia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome, Italy","Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Universita degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119003972"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Universita degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119003972"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025108729","display_name":"Giosu\u00e9 Cal\u0131ano","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9850-755X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119003972","display_name":"Roma Tre University","ror":"https://ror.org/05vf0dg29","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119003972"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giosue Caliano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome, Italy","Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Universita degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119003972"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Universita degli Studi Roma Tre, Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119003972"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049021803","display_name":"Giovanni Magenes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7558-1490"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Magenes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell'Informazione, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy","Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell\u2019Informazione, Universita\u2019 degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell'Informazione, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell\u2019Informazione, Universita\u2019 degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016355934"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":23.3045,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":545,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99791357,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"4","first_page":"940","last_page":"949"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10727","display_name":"Ultrasound Imaging and Elastography","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10727","display_name":"Ultrasound Imaging and Elastography","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12015","display_name":"Photoacoustic and Ultrasonic Imaging","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10662","display_name":"Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.8486646413803101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/main-lobe","display_name":"Main lobe","score":0.7190492749214172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6863088607788086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.6461489200592041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/imaging-phantom","display_name":"Imaging phantom","score":0.6068534255027771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-target","display_name":"Point target","score":0.5538057684898376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-quality","display_name":"Image quality","score":0.5195744037628174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-beamformer","display_name":"Adaptive beamformer","score":0.5068162083625793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-ultrasound","display_name":"Medical ultrasound","score":0.46679526567459106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-resolution","display_name":"Image resolution","score":0.44992953538894653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synthetic-aperture-radar","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","score":0.43960073590278625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/3d-ultrasound","display_name":"3D ultrasound","score":0.42423051595687866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aperture","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","score":0.41430792212486267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasound","display_name":"Ultrasound","score":0.4030688405036926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3478451371192932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.29624828696250916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.21588754653930664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.20801469683647156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.1850149929523468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13019728660583496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.11893722414970398}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.8486646413803101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166923610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6673925","display_name":"Main lobe","level":3,"score":0.7190492749214172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6863088607788086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6461489200592041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104293457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28324852","display_name":"Imaging phantom","level":2,"score":0.6068534255027771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778999744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208292","display_name":"Point target","level":3,"score":0.5538057684898376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.5195744037628174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33378366","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4680719","display_name":"Adaptive beamformer","level":3,"score":0.5068162083625793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992165143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234904","display_name":"Medical ultrasound","level":3,"score":0.46679526567459106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.44992953538894653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.43960073590278625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780170424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229399","display_name":"3D ultrasound","level":3,"score":0.42423051595687866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78336883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4779385","display_name":"Aperture (computer memory)","level":2,"score":0.41430792212486267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143753070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162564","display_name":"Ultrasound","level":2,"score":0.4030688405036926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3478451371192932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.29624828696250916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.21588754653930664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.20801469683647156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1850149929523468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13019728660583496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.11893722414970398}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019047","descriptor_name":"Phantoms, Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019047","descriptor_name":"Phantoms, Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019047","descriptor_name":"Phantoms, Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2014.2371235","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2014.2371235","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:25420256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25420256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on medical imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.uniroma3.it:11590/136717","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11590/136717","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196120","display_name":"Iris (Roma Tre University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119003972","host_organization_name":"Roma Tre University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119003972"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W636165975","https://openalex.org/W1561075814","https://openalex.org/W1602967180","https://openalex.org/W1876636591","https://openalex.org/W1969018576","https://openalex.org/W2032370601","https://openalex.org/W2046434758","https://openalex.org/W2055337432","https://openalex.org/W2060940701","https://openalex.org/W2061156132","https://openalex.org/W2081359092","https://openalex.org/W2091760336","https://openalex.org/W2096932028","https://openalex.org/W2100536561","https://openalex.org/W2101045631","https://openalex.org/W2101599181","https://openalex.org/W2118434273","https://openalex.org/W2123298165","https://openalex.org/W2134337312","https://openalex.org/W2144825751","https://openalex.org/W2147704308","https://openalex.org/W2156008513","https://openalex.org/W2158793892","https://openalex.org/W2160114273","https://openalex.org/W2162510628","https://openalex.org/W2164256114","https://openalex.org/W2165229864","https://openalex.org/W2166343165","https://openalex.org/W2166591710","https://openalex.org/W2167589082","https://openalex.org/W2183685297","https://openalex.org/W2499512572","https://openalex.org/W4231165700","https://openalex.org/W6636117289"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2087080416","https://openalex.org/W2131609032","https://openalex.org/W2156008513","https://openalex.org/W2916346166","https://openalex.org/W2008243462","https://openalex.org/W2050998440","https://openalex.org/W2767070583","https://openalex.org/W2160642356","https://openalex.org/W2163333108","https://openalex.org/W2051295922"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Most":[0],"of":[1,66,78,201],"ultrasound":[2,86],"medical":[3,85],"imaging":[4],"systems":[5],"currently":[6],"on":[7,55,119],"the":[8,32,37,49,64,76,112,129,148,154,167],"market":[9],"implement":[10],"standard":[11,144],"Delay":[12,91],"and":[13,24,35,93,96,115,122,136,146,162,165,186,198],"Sum":[14,94],"(DAS)":[15],"beamforming":[16,82],"to":[17],"form":[18],"B-mode":[19,202],"images.":[20,203],"However,":[21],"image":[22],"resolution":[23,181],"contrast":[25,180],"achievable":[26],"with":[27,143,147],"DAS":[28,145,158],"are":[29,52],"limited":[30],"by":[31,36,127,172],"aperture":[33],"size":[34],"operating":[38],"frequency.":[39],"For":[40],"this":[41,72,173],"reason,":[42],"different":[43],"beamformers":[44],"have":[45],"been":[46],"presented":[47],"in":[48,137,159],"literature":[50],"that":[51,97,153,166],"mainly":[53],"based":[54],"adaptive":[56],"algorithms,":[57],"which":[58,88,190],"allow":[59],"achieving":[60],"higher":[61,179],"performance":[62,118],"at":[63],"cost":[65],"an":[67,79,194],"increased":[68,195],"computational":[69],"complexity.":[70],"In":[71],"paper,":[73],"we":[74],"propose":[75],"use":[77],"alternative":[80],"nonlinear":[81],"algorithm":[83],"for":[84,101,106],"imaging,":[87],"is":[89,176],"called":[90],"Multiply":[92],"(DMAS)":[95],"was":[98],"originally":[99],"conceived":[100],"a":[102,177],"RADAR":[103],"microwave":[104],"system":[105],"breast":[107],"cancer":[108],"detection.":[109],"We":[110],"modify":[111],"DMAS":[113,155],"beamformer":[114,156],"test":[116],"its":[117],"both":[120,160],"simulated":[121,161],"experimentally":[123],"collected":[124],"linear-scan":[125],"data,":[126],"comparing":[128],"Point":[130],"Spread":[131],"Functions,":[132],"beampatterns,":[133],"synthetic":[134],"phantom":[135],"vivo":[138],"carotid":[139],"artery":[140],"images":[141],"obtained":[142],"proposed":[149],"algorithm.":[150],"Results":[151],"show":[152],"outperforms":[157],"experimental":[163],"trials":[164],"main":[168,184],"improvement":[169],"brought":[170],"about":[171],"new":[174],"method":[175],"significantly":[178],"(i.e.,":[182],"narrower":[183],"lobe":[185],"lower":[187],"side":[188],"lobes),":[189],"turns":[191],"out":[192],"into":[193],"dynamic":[196],"range":[197],"better":[199],"quality":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":69},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":74},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":70},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":65},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-05T09:01:59.212387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
