{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1994301721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2013.2258031","title":"The Validation Index: A New Metric for Validation of Segmentation Algorithms Using Two or More Expert Outlines With Application to Radiotherapy Planning","display_name":"The Validation Index: A New Metric for Validation of Segmentation Algorithms Using Two or More Expert Outlines With Application to Radiotherapy Planning","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-04-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1994301721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2013.2258031","mag":"1994301721","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23591482"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2013.2258031","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2013.2258031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056998775","display_name":"Prabhjot Juneja","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3218-1665"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325846038","display_name":"Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/0008wzh48","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325846038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142947616","display_name":"Institute of Cancer Research","ror":"https://ror.org/043jzw605","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I142947616"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Prabhjot Juneja","raw_affiliation_strings":["Joint Department of Physics, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, SM2 5NG Sutton, UK. prabhjot.juneja@icr.ac.uk","Joint Dept. of Phys., R. Marsden NHS Found. Trust, Sutton, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joint Department of Physics, The Institute of Cancer Research and The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, SM2 5NG Sutton, UK. prabhjot.juneja@icr.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142947616","https://openalex.org/I1325846038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joint Dept. of Phys., R. Marsden NHS Found. Trust, Sutton, UK","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010368060","display_name":"Philip Evans","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8102-6581"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philp M. Evans","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Vision Speech and Signal Processing, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK","Centre for Vision Speech & Signal Process., Univ. of Surrey, Guildford, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Vision Speech and Signal Processing, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Vision Speech & Signal Process., Univ. of Surrey, Guildford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048522982","display_name":"Emma Harris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8297-0382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325846038","display_name":"Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/0008wzh48","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325846038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142947616","display_name":"Institute of Cancer Research","ror":"https://ror.org/043jzw605","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I142947616"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emma J. Harris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Joint Department of Physics, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden, NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK","Joint Dept. of Phys., R. Marsden NHS Found. Trust, Sutton, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joint Department of Physics, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden, NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325846038","https://openalex.org/I142947616"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joint Dept. of Phys., R. Marsden NHS Found. Trust, Sutton, UK","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056998775"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1325846038","https://openalex.org/I142947616"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.0195,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85338078,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"8","first_page":"1481","last_page":"1489"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10358","display_name":"Advanced Radiotherapy Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10202","display_name":"Lung Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.8031734824180603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.7234728336334229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6606279611587524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.5037073493003845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.45610883831977844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45573458075523376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.41139236092567444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.353450208902359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.13473641872406006}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.8031734824180603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.7234728336334229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6606279611587524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.5037073493003845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.45610883831977844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45573458075523376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.41139236092567444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.353450208902359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.13473641872406006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008327","descriptor_name":"Mammography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008327","descriptor_name":"Mammography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008327","descriptor_name":"Mammography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008327","descriptor_name":"Mammography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011880","descriptor_name":"Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011880","descriptor_name":"Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011880","descriptor_name":"Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011880","descriptor_name":"Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2013.2258031","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2013.2258031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:23591482","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23591482","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on medical imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:alma.44SUR_INST:11140051280002346","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210197018","display_name":"View","issn_l":"2688-268X","issn":["2688-268X","2688-3988"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""},{"id":"pmh:oai:epubs.surrey.ac.uk:806913","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/806913/1/Validation%20Index_TMI.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400680","display_name":"Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","host_organization_name":"University of Surrey","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W27276676","https://openalex.org/W1987869189","https://openalex.org/W1991464299","https://openalex.org/W1993947467","https://openalex.org/W2001546652","https://openalex.org/W2002489794","https://openalex.org/W2007733896","https://openalex.org/W2019929699","https://openalex.org/W2026453394","https://openalex.org/W2046037218","https://openalex.org/W2052617496","https://openalex.org/W2074271088","https://openalex.org/W2090688261","https://openalex.org/W2093025099","https://openalex.org/W2101608218","https://openalex.org/W2102879249","https://openalex.org/W2103683686","https://openalex.org/W2109928907","https://openalex.org/W2132513126","https://openalex.org/W2136223313","https://openalex.org/W2137063708","https://openalex.org/W2148347694","https://openalex.org/W2156594966","https://openalex.org/W6601164266"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2375480909","https://openalex.org/W4379231730","https://openalex.org/W2353314428","https://openalex.org/W2012019886","https://openalex.org/W4389858081","https://openalex.org/W2166090428","https://openalex.org/W2381021552","https://openalex.org/W2354749003","https://openalex.org/W2377121353","https://openalex.org/W2961085424"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Validation":[0,84],"is":[1,22,68,130],"required":[2,109],"to":[3,36,53,61,78,117,122,161,170,180,183],"ensure":[4],"automated":[5],"segmentation":[6,21],"algorithms":[7],"are":[8,34],"suitable":[9],"for":[10,66,104,110,114,120],"radiotherapy":[11,82,112,185],"target":[12],"definition.":[13],"In":[14],"the":[15,28,46,49,55,105,150,166,171],"absence":[16],"of":[17,27,30,95,107],"true":[18],"segmentation,":[19],"algorithmic":[20],"validated":[23],"against":[24],"expert":[25,59],"outlining":[26],"region":[29],"interest.":[31],"Multiple":[32],"experts":[33,129],"used":[35,152],"overcome":[37],"inter-expert":[38],"variability.":[39],"Several":[40],"approaches":[41],"have":[42],"been":[43],"studied":[44],"in":[45,81,173],"literature,":[47],"but":[48],"most":[50],"appropriate":[51],"approach":[52],"combine":[54],"information":[56],"from":[57,142],"multiple":[58],"outlines,":[60],"give":[62],"a":[63,72,87],"single":[64],"metric":[65,73,90],"validation,":[67],"unclear.":[69],"None":[70],"consider":[71],"that":[74],"can":[75],"be":[76,162,181],"tailored":[77],"case-specific":[79],"requirements":[80],"planning.":[83],"index":[85],"(VI),":[86],"new":[88],"validation":[89,106],"which":[91],"uses":[92],"experts'":[93],"level":[94],"agreement":[96,174],"was":[97,102,133,147,178],"developed.":[98],"A":[99],"control":[100],"parameter":[101],"introduced":[103],"segmentations":[108],"different":[111],"scenarios:":[113],"targets":[115],"close":[116],"organs-at-risk":[118],"and":[119,140,159],"difficult":[121],"discern":[123],"targets,":[124],"where":[125],"large":[126],"variation":[127],"between":[128,175],"expected.":[131],"VI":[132,146,177],"evaluated":[134],"using":[135],"two":[136,143],"simulated":[137],"idealized":[138],"cases":[139],"data":[141],"clinical":[144],"studies.":[145],"compared":[148],"with":[149],"commonly":[151],"Dice":[153],"similarity":[154],"coefficient":[155],"(DSCpair":[156],"-":[157,168],"wise)":[158],"found":[160],"more":[163],"sensitive":[164],"than":[165],"DSCpair":[167],"wise":[169],"changes":[172],"experts.":[176],"shown":[179],"adaptable":[182],"specific":[184],"planning":[186],"scenarios.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
