{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2092416145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2010.2047403","title":"Labeling of Lumbar Discs Using Both Pixel- and Object-Level Features With a Two-Level Probabilistic Model","display_name":"Labeling of Lumbar Discs Using Both Pixel- and Object-Level Features With a Two-Level Probabilistic Model","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-04-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2092416145","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2010.2047403","mag":"2092416145","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20378464"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2010.2047403","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2010.2047403","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108959896","display_name":"R. S. Alomari","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115441956","display_name":"Buffalo State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05ms04m92","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115441956"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"R S Alomari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State University of New York\u2013Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA. ralomari@buffalo.edu","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State University of New York\u2013Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State University of New York\u2013Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA. ralomari@buffalo.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737","https://openalex.org/I115441956"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State University of New York\u2013Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079301873","display_name":"Jason J. Corso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6454-9594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J J Corso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State University of New York\u2013Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State University of New York\u2013Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004523290","display_name":"Vipin Chaudhary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9672-6225"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V Chaudhary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA","Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State University of New York\u2013Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737","https://openalex.org/I57206974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, State University of New York\u2013Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108959896"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115441956","https://openalex.org/I63190737"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.2181,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":100,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95669804,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10238","display_name":"Spine and Intervertebral Disc Pathology","score":0.9908999800682068,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.978600025177002,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.7200300097465515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7180073261260986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.6074803471565247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.603870689868927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.6023391485214233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5813242197036743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5175237655639648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expectation\u2013maximization-algorithm","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","score":0.4980342388153076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-resonance-imaging","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","score":0.4638609290122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.46113455295562744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/abnormality","display_name":"Abnormality","score":0.442089319229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-model","display_name":"Statistical model","score":0.42236411571502686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.4208931624889374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.32951709628105164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.16215810179710388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.14970597624778748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.14368990063667297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-likelihood","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","score":0.10538768768310547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.09913972020149231}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.7200300097465515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7180073261260986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.6074803471565247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.603870689868927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.6023391485214233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5813242197036743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5175237655639648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182081679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1275153","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","level":3,"score":0.4980342388153076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143409427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238","display_name":"Magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.4638609290122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.46113455295562744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50965678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2724302","display_name":"Abnormality","level":2,"score":0.442089319229126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114289077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3284399","display_name":"Statistical model","level":2,"score":0.42236411571502686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.4208931624889374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.32951709628105164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.16215810179710388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.14970597624778748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.14368990063667297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.10538768768310547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.09913972020149231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007089","descriptor_name":"Image Enhancement","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007089","descriptor_name":"Image Enhancement","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007089","descriptor_name":"Image Enhancement","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007403","descriptor_name":"Intervertebral Disc","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007403","descriptor_name":"Intervertebral Disc","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007403","descriptor_name":"Intervertebral Disc","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008159","descriptor_name":"Lumbar Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000002","qualifier_name":"abnormalities","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008159","descriptor_name":"Lumbar Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000002","qualifier_name":"abnormalities","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008159","descriptor_name":"Lumbar Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000002","qualifier_name":"abnormalities","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008159","descriptor_name":"Lumbar Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008159","descriptor_name":"Lumbar Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008159","descriptor_name":"Lumbar Vertebrae","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012680","descriptor_name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2010.2047403","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2010.2047403","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:20378464","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20378464","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on medical imaging","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.188.4838","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.188.4838","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/%7Ejcorso/pubs/tmi2011_lumbar.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W55994727","https://openalex.org/W104325171","https://openalex.org/W1483307070","https://openalex.org/W1514207599","https://openalex.org/W1542060247","https://openalex.org/W1836491999","https://openalex.org/W1857262164","https://openalex.org/W1858236522","https://openalex.org/W1891410852","https://openalex.org/W1967595294","https://openalex.org/W1969586223","https://openalex.org/W1986844695","https://openalex.org/W2000070752","https://openalex.org/W2004293194","https://openalex.org/W2027451143","https://openalex.org/W2038952578","https://openalex.org/W2043208142","https://openalex.org/W2045732143","https://openalex.org/W2047799345","https://openalex.org/W2049633694","https://openalex.org/W2052292317","https://openalex.org/W2055705583","https://openalex.org/W2060177229","https://openalex.org/W2070093356","https://openalex.org/W2082055048","https://openalex.org/W2084538538","https://openalex.org/W2100735876","https://openalex.org/W2103137694","https://openalex.org/W2103275591","https://openalex.org/W2104095591","https://openalex.org/W2107588225","https://openalex.org/W2112267127","https://openalex.org/W2113828985","https://openalex.org/W2115420132","https://openalex.org/W2120959665","https://openalex.org/W2121184474","https://openalex.org/W2121578625","https://openalex.org/W2121947440","https://openalex.org/W2121998560","https://openalex.org/W2131501188","https://openalex.org/W2132686684","https://openalex.org/W2150330600","https://openalex.org/W2156011037","https://openalex.org/W2157630034","https://openalex.org/W2163801774","https://openalex.org/W2621361261","https://openalex.org/W3100816363","https://openalex.org/W3148886115","https://openalex.org/W4254510799","https://openalex.org/W6604211215","https://openalex.org/W6638903568","https://openalex.org/W6641906735"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4243456421","https://openalex.org/W4247543202","https://openalex.org/W2417397217","https://openalex.org/W2355857550","https://openalex.org/W3093256375","https://openalex.org/W1976188970","https://openalex.org/W2990541822","https://openalex.org/W1588885902","https://openalex.org/W1965352811","https://openalex.org/W2108727084"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Backbone":[0],"anatomical":[1],"structure":[2],"detection":[3,27],"and":[4,20,32,71,81,88,101,148,160,166],"labeling":[5],"is":[6],"a":[7,51,75,140],"necessary":[8,24],"step":[9],"for":[10,25,41,55,111,151],"various":[11],"analysis":[12],"tasks":[13],"of":[14,58,98,117,126],"the":[15,42,56,85,90,95,99,102,124,130,152],"vertebral":[16],"column.":[17],"Appearance,":[18],"shape":[19],"geometry":[21],"measurements":[22],"are":[23],"abnormality":[26],"locally":[28],"at":[29,84,89,129],"each":[30],"disc":[31,118],"vertebrae":[33],"(such":[34,45],"as":[35,37,39,46],"herniation)":[36],"well":[38],"globally":[40],"whole":[43],"spine":[44],"spinal":[47],"scoliosis).":[48],"We":[49,107,138,155],"propose":[50],"two-level":[52,121],"probabilistic":[53],"model":[54,79,94,122,159],"localization":[57],"discs":[59,100],"from":[60],"clinical":[61,146],"magnetic":[62],"resonance":[63],"imaging":[64],"(MRI)":[65],"data":[66],"that":[67,142],"captures":[68],"both":[69],"pixel-":[70],"object-level":[72],"features.":[73],"Using":[74],"Gibbs":[76],"distribution,":[77],"we":[78,93],"appearance":[80],"spatial":[82,96],"information":[83],"pixel":[86],"level,":[87,92],"object":[91],"distribution":[97],"relative":[103],"distances":[104],"between":[105],"them.":[106],"use":[108,139],"generalized":[109],"expectation-maximization":[110],"optimization,":[112],"which":[113],"achieves":[114],"efficient":[115],"convergence":[116],"labels.":[119],"Our":[120],"allows":[123],"assumption":[125],"conditional":[127],"independence":[128],"pixel-level":[131],"to":[132],"enhance":[133],"efficiency":[134],"while":[135],"maintaining":[136],"robustness.":[137],"dataset":[141],"contains":[143],"105":[144],"MRI":[145],"normal":[147,165],"abnormal":[149,167],"cases":[150],"lumbar":[153],"area.":[154],"thoroughly":[156],"test":[157],"our":[158],"achieve":[161],"encouraging":[162],"results":[163],"on":[164],"cases.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
