{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2097583462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2009.2023362","title":"Learning-Based Vertebra Detection and Iterative Normalized-Cut Segmentation for Spinal MRI","display_name":"Learning-Based Vertebra Detection and Iterative Normalized-Cut Segmentation for Spinal MRI","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2097583462","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2009.2023362","mag":"2097583462","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19783497"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2009.2023362","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2009.2023362","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074539320","display_name":"Szu-Hao Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4073-0652"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Szu-Hao Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Comput. Sci., Nat. Tsing Hua Univ., Hsinchu, Taiwan","Department of Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Comput. Sci., Nat. Tsing Hua Univ., Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074138047","display_name":"Yi-Hong Chu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Hong Chu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Comput. Sci., Nat. Tsing Hua Univ., Hsinchu, Taiwan","Department of Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Comput. Sci., Nat. Tsing Hua Univ., Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073849580","display_name":"Shang\u2010Hong Lai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5092-993X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shang-Hong Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Comput. Sci., Nat. Tsing Hua Univ., Hsinchu, Taiwan","Department of Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Comput. Sci., Nat. Tsing Hua Univ., Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108234111","display_name":"Carol L. Novak","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137693","display_name":"Siemens (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04axb7e79","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325886976","https://openalex.org/I4210137693"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carol L. Novak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Siemens Corp. Res., Princeton, NJ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Siemens Corp. Res., Princeton, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137693"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.0709,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":166,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96548822,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"10","first_page":"1595","last_page":"1605"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14510","display_name":"Medical Imaging and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11363","display_name":"Dental Radiography and Imaging","score":0.9861000180244446,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3504","display_name":"Oral Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/35","display_name":"Dentistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10776","display_name":"Spinal Fractures and Fixation Techniques","score":0.9713000059127808,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vertebra","display_name":"Vertebra","score":0.8561991453170776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6990607976913452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6689095497131348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5594860911369324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaboost","display_name":"AdaBoost","score":0.5568446516990662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.5186771154403687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.488500714302063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4742395281791687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.08888426423072815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anatomy","display_name":"Anatomy","score":0.08226898312568665}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776412215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180323","display_name":"Vertebra","level":2,"score":0.8561991453170776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6990607976913452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6689095497131348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5594860911369324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141404830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2823869","display_name":"AdaBoost","level":3,"score":0.5568446516990662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.5186771154403687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.488500714302063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4742395281791687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.08888426423072815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.08226898312568665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001185","descriptor_name":"Artificial Intelligence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001499","descriptor_name":"Bayes Theorem","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010363","descriptor_name":"Pattern Recognition, Automated","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013131","descriptor_name":"Spine","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013131","descriptor_name":"Spine","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013131","descriptor_name":"Spine","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmi.2009.2023362","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmi.2009.2023362","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S58069681","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","issn_l":"0278-0062","issn":["0278-0062","1558-254X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:19783497","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19783497","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on medical imaging","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W57298833","https://openalex.org/W1569734470","https://openalex.org/W1967595294","https://openalex.org/W1988790447","https://openalex.org/W1992825118","https://openalex.org/W2008568249","https://openalex.org/W2068878359","https://openalex.org/W2080362539","https://openalex.org/W2082390979","https://openalex.org/W2085261163","https://openalex.org/W2112038785","https://openalex.org/W2112142110","https://openalex.org/W2114758632","https://openalex.org/W2115313253","https://openalex.org/W2121578625","https://openalex.org/W2121947440","https://openalex.org/W2122184585","https://openalex.org/W2124351082","https://openalex.org/W2131910503","https://openalex.org/W2140274257","https://openalex.org/W2145072474","https://openalex.org/W2155004074","https://openalex.org/W2159686933","https://openalex.org/W2167343814","https://openalex.org/W2217896605","https://openalex.org/W2594143339","https://openalex.org/W3097096317","https://openalex.org/W3151111735","https://openalex.org/W6641906735","https://openalex.org/W6677171743","https://openalex.org/W6677607857"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3039673966","https://openalex.org/W2002351707","https://openalex.org/W4293699968","https://openalex.org/W2035096001","https://openalex.org/W4312843811","https://openalex.org/W2327035729","https://openalex.org/W2923621274","https://openalex.org/W3112414093","https://openalex.org/W4210319752","https://openalex.org/W1522196789"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"extraction":[1],"of":[2,42,182,206],"vertebra":[3,35,47,56,72,95,106,134,139,163,172,192,213],"regions":[4,135],"from":[5,136,150],"a":[6,32,74,99,180],"spinal":[7,22,152,184,237],"magnetic":[8],"resonance":[9],"(MR)":[10],"image":[11,24],"is":[12,84,90,128,148,218],"normally":[13],"required":[14],"as":[15],"the":[16,93,104,114,119,132,137,144,161,191,199,207],"first":[17],"step":[18],"to":[19,66,97,130,204,220],"an":[20,59,68,80,123],"intelligent":[21],"MR":[23,153,185,238],"diagnosis":[25],"system.":[26],"In":[27,64,141],"this":[28],"work,":[29],"we":[30],"develop":[31],"fully":[33],"automatic":[34],"detection":[36,49,107,164,173,193,214],"and":[37,55,70,117,165,175,194,215,223,234],"segmentation":[38,57,126,166,177,195,216],"system,":[39],"which":[40],"consists":[41],"three":[43],"stages;":[44],"namely,":[45],"AdaBoost-based":[46,146],"detection,":[48],"refinement":[50,110],"via":[51],"robust":[52,87,222],"curve":[53],"fitting,":[54],"by":[58,197],"iterative":[60,124],"normalized":[61],"cut":[62],"algorithm.":[63],"order":[65],"produce":[67],"efficient":[69],"effective":[71],"detector,":[73],"statistical":[75],"learning":[76],"approach":[77],"based":[78],"on":[79,92,179,236],"improved":[81],"AdaBoost":[82],"algorithm":[83,127,201],"proposed.":[85],"A":[86],"estimation":[88],"procedure":[89],"applied":[91],"detected":[94,138],"locations":[96],"fit":[98],"spine":[100],"curve,":[101],"thus":[102],"refining":[103],"above":[105],"results.":[108],"This":[109],"process":[111],"involves":[112],"removing":[113],"false":[115],"detections":[116],"recovering":[118],"miss-detected":[120],"vertebrae.":[121],"Finally,":[122],"normalized-cut":[125],"proposed":[129,145,162,200,212],"segment":[131],"precise":[133],"locations.":[140],"our":[142],"implementation,":[143],"detector":[147],"trained":[149],"22":[151],"volume":[154],"images.":[155,186,239],"The":[156,211],"experimental":[157],"results":[158],"show":[159,190],"that":[160,226],"system":[167,217],"can":[168,228],"achieve":[169],"nearly":[170],"98%":[171],"rate":[174],"96%":[176],"accuracy":[178],"variety":[181],"testing":[183],"Our":[187],"experiments":[188],"also":[189],"accuracies":[196],"using":[198],"are":[202],"superior":[203],"those":[205],"previous":[208],"representative":[209],"methods.":[210],"proved":[219],"be":[221,229],"accurate":[224],"so":[225],"it":[227],"used":[230],"for":[231],"advanced":[232],"research":[233],"application":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-04-07T06:01:17.266235","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
