{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7135100139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2026.3673427","title":"RF$^{2}$ Transformer: Refocusing Transformer for RF Sensing","display_name":"RF$^{2}$ Transformer: Refocusing Transformer for RF Sensing","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7135100139","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2026.3673427"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2026.3673427","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2026.3673427","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128828771","display_name":"Ruiyuan Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150229711","display_name":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04qr3zq92","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruiyuan Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Electronic Science and Technology of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8697-6570","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Electronic Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150229711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009086349","display_name":"Zhi Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6941-981X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6941-981X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061699092","display_name":"Liang Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1911-2454"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128804459","display_name":"Zhi Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhi Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7097-4837","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128888471","display_name":"Shuai Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuai Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8752-2906","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038027002","display_name":"Dongheng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6309-6626"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongheng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6309-6626","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128862568","display_name":"Yang Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0379-1525","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045421136","display_name":"He Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9907-8494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0190-969X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128845943","display_name":"Yan Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Science and Technology of China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3227-4562","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Science and Technology of China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17064312,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"9","first_page":"13688","last_page":"13703"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11160","display_name":"Acoustic Wave Resonator Technologies","score":0.0949999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11160","display_name":"Acoustic Wave Resonator Technologies","score":0.0949999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11607","display_name":"Microwave and Dielectric Measurement Techniques","score":0.08860000222921371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12564","display_name":"Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems","score":0.0812000036239624,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radio-frequency","display_name":"Radio frequency","score":0.5252000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5217999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.34060001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/current-transformer","display_name":"Current transformer","score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focused-impedance-measurement","display_name":"Focused Impedance Measurement","score":0.26429998874664307}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.5252000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5217999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5077000260353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4478999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4088999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.40560001134872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3594000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.34060001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133770746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856535","display_name":"Current transformer","level":4,"score":0.2969000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172066009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5463955","display_name":"Focused Impedance Measurement","level":3,"score":0.26429998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17829176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043","display_name":"Electrical impedance","level":2,"score":0.25589999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.2551000118255615}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2026.3673427","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2026.3673427","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7214354872703552,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7535976869","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62302471","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W653761051","https://openalex.org/W2008340591","https://openalex.org/W2065726711","https://openalex.org/W2112855412","https://openalex.org/W2113638573","https://openalex.org/W2128131274","https://openalex.org/W2129045955","https://openalex.org/W2143572124","https://openalex.org/W2172292165","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2508522990","https://openalex.org/W2563276102","https://openalex.org/W2587728698","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2626807326","https://openalex.org/W2734730826","https://openalex.org/W2757659953","https://openalex.org/W2799062425","https://openalex.org/W2827033964","https://openalex.org/W2896542121","https://openalex.org/W2897132279","https://openalex.org/W2910710468","https://openalex.org/W2914612723","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2942467756","https://openalex.org/W2963150697","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963446712","https://openalex.org/W2967059645","https://openalex.org/W2979507566","https://openalex.org/W2989972314","https://openalex.org/W2990640172","https://openalex.org/W2997932427","https://openalex.org/W3010205642","https://openalex.org/W3012910746","https://openalex.org/W3018493579","https://openalex.org/W3021587713","https://openalex.org/W3024763213","https://openalex.org/W3034366997","https://openalex.org/W3035216422","https://openalex.org/W3035708560","https://openalex.org/W3047450415","https://openalex.org/W3084258471","https://openalex.org/W3085277064","https://openalex.org/W3088603624","https://openalex.org/W3089079408","https://openalex.org/W3109228974","https://openalex.org/W3138516171","https://openalex.org/W3175987492","https://openalex.org/W3196221233","https://openalex.org/W3200324048","https://openalex.org/W3207984187","https://openalex.org/W3212193748","https://openalex.org/W3212616108","https://openalex.org/W4210867558","https://openalex.org/W4213210732","https://openalex.org/W4213434283","https://openalex.org/W4221160947","https://openalex.org/W4224928198","https://openalex.org/W4235628085","https://openalex.org/W4306179773","https://openalex.org/W4309794375","https://openalex.org/W4312443924","https://openalex.org/W4319988715","https://openalex.org/W4321195614","https://openalex.org/W4381199209","https://openalex.org/W4386702827","https://openalex.org/W4387212628","https://openalex.org/W4387212750","https://openalex.org/W4390798763","https://openalex.org/W4395685900","https://openalex.org/W7127046655"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"learning-based":[1,157],"RF":[2,12,42,108,126,135,141,160],"sensing":[3,127,136],"methods":[4],"typically":[5],"involve":[6],"signal":[7,65],"processing":[8,66],"to":[9,29,58,74,100],"transform":[10],"the":[11,30,35,63,68,76,89,96,112,120,150],"signals":[13,142],"into":[14,20],"spectrograms,":[15,109],"which":[16],"are":[17],"then":[18],"input":[19],"neural":[21],"networks.":[22],"However,":[23],"this":[24,46],"approach":[25],"is":[26,122],"suboptimal":[27],"due":[28],"potential":[31],"degradation":[32],"caused":[33,92],"by":[34,93,129],"inherent":[36],"multi-path":[37],"interference,":[38],"resulting":[39],"in":[40,95],"blurred":[41],"spectrograms.":[43],"To":[44],"tackle":[45],"challenge,":[47],"we":[48],"introduce":[49],"a":[50,71],"novelRefocusingTransformerbackbone":[51],"customized":[52],"forRFsensing":[53],"(RF$^{2}$Transformer).":[54],"Rather":[55],"than":[56],"attempting":[57],"precisely":[59],"model":[60],"interference":[61,94],"using":[62,138],"traditional":[64],"techniques,":[67],"RF$^{2}$Transformer":[69,121,151],"utilizes":[70],"self-compensation":[72],"mechanism":[73,84],"treat":[75],"interference-induced":[77],"phase":[78,90],"shifts":[79],"as":[80],"learnable":[81],"parameters.":[82],"This":[83],"learns":[85],"and":[86,103,144],"compensates":[87],"for":[88,124,159],"shift":[91],"complex":[97],"feature":[98,105],"space":[99],"obtain":[101],"refocused":[102],"high-quality":[104],"maps":[106],"of":[107,114],"thereby":[110],"improving":[111],"performance":[113],"downstream":[115],"tasks.":[116],"We":[117],"show":[118],"that":[119,149],"general":[123,140],"various":[125],"tasks":[128,137],"evaluating":[130],"it":[131],"on":[132],"six":[133],"typical":[134],"two":[139],"(WiFi":[143],"radar).":[145],"Experimental":[146],"results":[147],"indicate":[148],"takes":[152],"an":[153],"important":[154],"step":[155],"toward":[156],"solutions":[158],"sensing.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2026-03-13T00:00:00"}
