{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7129096536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2026.3664822","title":"SMTFL: Secure Model Training to Untrusted Participants in Federated Learning","display_name":"SMTFL: Secure Model Training to Untrusted Participants in Federated Learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7129096536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2026.3664822"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2026.3664822","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2026.3664822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082138815","display_name":"Zhihui Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3104-5263"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihui Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079397042","display_name":"Xiaorong Dong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaorong Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1337-1678","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045009020","display_name":"Yimo Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-0326"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yimo Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7543-0326","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jianhua Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2773-3429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianhua Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2773-3429","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Dan Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0999-8543"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0999-8543","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126104981","display_name":"Hongsong Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156404","display_name":"Institute of Information Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/04r53se39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210156404"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongsong Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3720-7403","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Information Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156404","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104335432","display_name":"Yongle Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9086337","display_name":"Taiyuan University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03kv08d37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongle Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Artificial Intelligence, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1000-1109","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Artificial Intelligence, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9086337"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16084969,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"7","first_page":"10590","last_page":"10606"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9204999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.9204999804496765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.024000000208616257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.023000000044703484,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homomorphic-encryption","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","score":0.8501999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/federated-learning","display_name":"Federated learning","score":0.7339000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inversion","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","score":0.553600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collusion","display_name":"Collusion","score":0.492900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.4912000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safeguard","display_name":"Safeguard","score":0.4083999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.39750000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-privacy","display_name":"Information privacy","score":0.35350000858306885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.85589998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158338273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154943","display_name":"Homomorphic encryption","level":3,"score":0.8501999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.7339000105857849},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5928000211715698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1893757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3653001","display_name":"Inversion (geology)","level":3,"score":0.553600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781198186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q701521","display_name":"Collusion","level":2,"score":0.492900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.4912000000476837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780771206","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3271761","display_name":"Safeguard","level":2,"score":0.4083999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.39750000834465027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123201435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q456632","display_name":"Information privacy","level":2,"score":0.35350000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3312000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.3240000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.3059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777211547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141490","display_name":"Training (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017597292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25052250","display_name":"Privacy protection","level":2,"score":0.2700999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.257999986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.25609999895095825}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2026.3664822","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2026.3664822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7359711527824402}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1316732057","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62472302","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4765853376","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202402150101007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336035","funder_display_name":"Shanxi Provincial Key Research and Development Project"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336035","display_name":"Shanxi Provincial Key Research and Development Project","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Federated":[0],"learning":[1],"is":[2,171,193,202,226],"an":[3,140],"essential":[4],"distributed":[5],"model":[6,29,39,138,191],"training":[7,26,40],"technique.":[8],"However,":[9],"threats":[10],"such":[11],"as":[12],"gradient":[13,49,59,168,185],"inversion":[14,50,186],"attacks":[15,18,91],"and":[16,28,77,110,120,162,176,187],"poisoning":[17,90,131,188],"pose":[19],"significant":[20],"risks":[21],"to":[22,60,63,79,144,196],"both":[23],"privacy":[24,47],"of":[25,67,99,112],"data":[27],"correctness.":[30],"We":[31],"propose":[32],"SMTFL,":[33],"a":[34,216],"novel":[35],"approach":[36],"for":[37,83,220],"secure":[38],"in":[41,182,210],"federated":[42],"learning.":[43],"To":[44,88],"safeguard":[45],"gradients":[46,66,101,117,132],"against":[48,184],"attacks,":[51],"clients":[52,69,213,222],"are":[53,118,133],"dynamically":[54],"grouped,":[55],"allowing":[56],"one":[57],"client's":[58,116],"be":[61],"divided":[62],"obfuscate":[64],"the":[65,71,81,97,103,136,155,230],"other":[68],"within":[70,223],"group.":[72],"This":[73],"method":[74],"incorporates":[75],"checks":[76],"balances":[78],"reduce":[80],"collusion":[82],"inferring":[84],"specific":[85],"client":[86],"data.":[87],"detect":[89],"from":[92,135],"malicious":[93,113,212],"clients,":[94],"we":[95],"assess":[96],"impact":[98],"aggregated":[100],"on":[102,151,173],"global":[104,137],"model's":[105],"performance,":[106],"enabling":[107],"effective":[108],"identification":[109],"exclusion":[111],"clients.":[114,128],"Each":[115],"encrypted":[119],"stored,":[121],"with":[122,159],"decryption":[123],"collectively":[124],"managed":[125],"by":[126],"all":[127],"The":[129,190],"detected":[130],"invalidated":[134],"through":[139],"unlearning":[141],"method.":[142],"Compared":[143],"related":[145],"work,":[146],"SMTFL":[147,170,201,205],"does":[148],"not":[149],"rely":[150],"trusted":[152],"participants,":[153],"avoids":[154,163],"performance":[156],"degradation":[157],"caused":[158],"traditional":[160],"noise-injection,":[161],"complex":[164],"homomorphic":[165],"encryption":[166],"during":[167],"aggregation.":[169],"evaluated":[172],"five":[174],"datasets,":[175],"these":[177],"results":[178],"demonstrate":[179],"its":[180,197],"effectiveness":[181],"defending":[183],"attacks.":[189],"accuracy":[192,209],"nearly":[194],"restored":[195],"pre-attack":[198],"state":[199],"when":[200],"deployed.":[203],"Furthermore,":[204],"achieves":[206],"over":[207],"95%":[208],"identifying":[211],"while":[214],"maintaining":[215],"false":[217],"positive":[218],"rate":[219],"honest":[221],"5%,":[224],"which":[225],"6%":[227],"lower":[228],"than":[229],"latest":[231],"methods.":[232]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T06:22:57.294733","created_date":"2026-02-17T00:00:00"}
