{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128819466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2026.3664472","title":"Toward Practical Headphones Eavesdropping Leveraging COTS mmWave Radar","display_name":"Toward Practical Headphones Eavesdropping Leveraging COTS mmWave Radar","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128819466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2026.3664472"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2026.3664472","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2026.3664472","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125914996","display_name":"Xiangyu Xu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyu Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1628-906X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125930713","display_name":"Haotian Zheng","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haotian Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-8116-9218","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125962686","display_name":"Yu Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013526969","display_name":"Hao Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0871-9795"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141962983","display_name":"Shanghai University of Engineering Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0557b9y08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141962983"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0871-9795","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141962983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125902163","display_name":"Zhen Ling","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Ling","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9691-8702","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003990489","display_name":"Jun Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6222-0717"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiadi Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0207-9643","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045275291","display_name":"Junzhou Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7518-4367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junzhou Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7518-4367","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102164040","display_name":"Xinwen Fu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133738476","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","ror":"https://ror.org/03hamhx47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinwen Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.20103779,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"7","first_page":"11157","last_page":"11172"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.4424000084400177,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.4424000084400177,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.11559999734163284,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.05660000070929527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eavesdropping","display_name":"Eavesdropping","score":0.909500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/headphones","display_name":"Headphones","score":0.7993000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6025999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sonar","display_name":"Sonar","score":0.4880000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.48350000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.3416999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidentiality","display_name":"Confidentiality","score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-reduction","display_name":"Noise reduction","score":0.3183000087738037}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776788033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320769","display_name":"Eavesdropping","level":2,"score":0.909500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8668000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781258422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186819","display_name":"Headphones","level":2,"score":0.7993000149726868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6025999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555745239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133220","display_name":"Sonar","level":2,"score":0.4880000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.48350000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.3416999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3402000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.3336000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.3183000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.31360000371932983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.3102000057697296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132094186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q641585","display_name":"Clutter","level":3,"score":0.3052999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.3034000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780909371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4801092","display_name":"Artificial noise","level":4,"score":0.3034000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.2924000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119770614","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5516347","display_name":"Gadget","level":2,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.25940001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159693508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3301075","display_name":"Phonocardiogram","level":2,"score":0.25209999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63000827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3080428","display_name":"Software portability","level":2,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2026.3664472","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2026.3664472","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6855027675628662,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Headphones":[0],"have":[1],"become":[2],"ubiquitous":[3],"in":[4],"daily":[5],"work":[6],"and":[7,17,121,131,137],"communication,":[8],"leading":[9],"users":[10],"to":[11,117,151],"assume":[12],"a":[13,47,78,94,105,110],"sense":[14],"of":[15,27,43,139],"privacy":[16],"security":[18],"during":[19],"confidential":[20],"conversations":[21],"while":[22],"overlooking":[23],"the":[24,41,89,135,140],"potential":[25],"risk":[26],"eavesdropping.":[28],"In":[29],"this":[30,74],"paper,":[31],"we":[32,76,103],"present":[33],"mmEar,":[34],"an":[35],"end-to-end":[36],"eavesdropping":[37],"system":[38],"that":[39,56,84,144],"demonstrates":[40],"feasibility":[42],"compromising":[44],"headphones":[45],"using":[46],"commercial":[48],"off-the-shelf":[49],"(COTS)":[50],"mmWave":[51],"radar.":[52],"Unlike":[53],"previous":[54],"approaches":[55],"rely":[57],"on":[58,69,88,128],"relatively":[59],"strong":[60],"vibrations,":[61],"mmEar":[62],"targets":[63],"extremely":[64],"faint,":[65],"low-SNR":[66],"speech-induced":[67],"vibrations":[68],"headphone":[70,130],"surfaces.":[71],"To":[72],"address":[73],"challenge,":[75],"introduce":[77],"Faint":[79],"Vibration":[80],"Emphasis":[81],"(FVE)":[82],"technique":[83],"amplifies":[85],"phase":[86],"variations":[87],"IQ":[90],"plane,":[91],"followed":[92],"by":[93],"deep":[95],"denoising":[96],"network":[97],"for":[98],"enhanced":[99],"signal":[100],"quality.":[101],"Furthermore,":[102],"design":[104],"diffusion-based":[106],"generative":[107],"model":[108],"within":[109],"pretrain\u2013finetune":[111],"framework,":[112],"leveraging":[113],"large-scale":[114],"synthetic":[115],"data":[116],"significantly":[118],"improve":[119],"generalization":[120],"robustness":[122],"across":[123],"diverse":[124],"scenarios.":[125],"Extensive":[126],"experiments":[127],"multiple":[129],"earphone":[132],"models":[133],"validate":[134],"practicality":[136],"effectiveness":[138],"proposed":[141],"attack,":[142],"revealing":[143],"most":[145],"tested":[146],"devices":[147],"can":[148],"be":[149],"compromised":[150],"recover":[152],"intelligible":[153],"speech.":[154]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-02-14T00:00:00"}