{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128546349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2026.3663303","title":"Smart Interrupted Routing Based on Multi-Head Attention Mask Mechanism-Driven MARL in Software-Defined UASNs","display_name":"Smart Interrupted Routing Based on Multi-Head Attention Mask Mechanism-Driven MARL in Software-Defined UASNs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128546349","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2026.3663303"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2026.3663303","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2026.3663303","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100401173","display_name":"Zheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4873-505X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software College, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software College, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125595496","display_name":"Chuan Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuan Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software College, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6811-3851","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software College, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125513427","display_name":"Guangjie Han","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I163340411","display_name":"Hohai University","ror":"https://ror.org/01wd4xt90","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangjie Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Maritime Intelligent Network Information Technology, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6921-7369","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Maritime Intelligent Network Information Technology, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I163340411"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125563713","display_name":"Shengchao Zhu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099069","display_name":"Institute of Acoustics","ror":"https://ror.org/00v8rqv75","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210099069"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengchao Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Acoustics and Marine Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1491-5342","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Acoustics and Marine Information, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099069"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125593714","display_name":"Ruoyuan Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruoyuan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software College, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software College, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101899839","display_name":"Tongwei Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5917-0950"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tongwei Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5917-0950","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121979489","display_name":"Jialu Tian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jialu Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Software College, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7743-2292","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Software College, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17518637,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"7","first_page":"10166","last_page":"10181"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9282000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.9282000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10714","display_name":"Software-Defined Networks and 5G","score":0.018799999728798866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.008200000040233135,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-routing","display_name":"Static routing","score":0.6589000225067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-source-routing","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","score":0.579200029373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/policy-based-routing","display_name":"Policy-based routing","score":0.5595999956130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/link-state-routing-protocol","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","score":0.546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-routing","display_name":"Multipath routing","score":0.5210000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","score":0.5164999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.474700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/equal-cost-multi-path-routing","display_name":"Equal-cost multi-path routing","score":0.4700999855995178}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7663000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204948658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1119410","display_name":"Static routing","level":4,"score":0.6589000225067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9659607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268903","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","level":4,"score":0.579200029373169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5713000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196423136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7209671","display_name":"Policy-based routing","level":5,"score":0.5595999956130981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89305328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","level":4,"score":0.546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76522221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5035396","display_name":"Multipath routing","level":5,"score":0.5210000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.5164999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.49880000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.474700003862381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115443555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5367790","display_name":"Equal-cost multi-path routing","level":5,"score":0.4700999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29436982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3700557","display_name":"Destination-Sequenced Distance Vector routing","level":5,"score":0.4494999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.43790000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4050999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50558702","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5535067","display_name":"Geographic routing","level":5,"score":0.3718999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94600068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7371621","display_name":"Routing domain","level":5,"score":0.33239999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189884158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8073926","display_name":"Zone Routing Protocol","level":5,"score":0.31529998779296875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47318570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8026863","display_name":"Wireless Routing Protocol","level":4,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177818476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12878103","display_name":"Hierarchical routing","level":5,"score":0.3027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22655229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17143627","display_name":"Triangular routing","level":5,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169111936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424098","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","level":3,"score":0.28299999237060547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67467970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1292425","display_name":"Underwater acoustics","level":3,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52837422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431028","display_name":"Interior gateway protocol","level":5,"score":0.25209999084472656}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2026.3663303","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2026.3663303","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6157094836235046,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1096546879","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62572107","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1917980172","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B250203011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3853590937","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U22A2011","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4817871351","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62572169","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Routing-driven":[0],"timely":[1],"data":[2,136,166],"collection":[3],"in":[4,40,138,153],"Underwater":[5],"Acoustic":[6],"Sensor":[7],"Networks":[8],"(UASNs)":[9],"is":[10],"crucial":[11],"for":[12,52],"marine":[13],"environmental":[14],"monitoring,":[15],"disaster":[16],"warning,":[17],"and":[18,32,72,105,129,173],"underwater":[19,25,57,62,67,165],"resource":[20],"exploration,":[21],"etc.":[22],"However,":[23],"harsh":[24],"conditions,":[26],"including":[27],"high":[28],"delays,":[29],"limited":[30],"bandwidth,":[31],"dynamic":[33,56],"topologies,":[34],"make":[35],"efficient":[36],"routing":[37,50,68,91,137,151,161,167,175],"decisions":[38,152,168],"challenging":[39],"UASNs.":[41,154],"In":[42],"this":[43],"paper,":[44],"we":[45,112,140],"propose":[46,76,113],"a":[47,77],"smart":[48,149],"interrupted":[49,107,135,145,150],"scheme":[51,162],"UASNs":[53,83],"to":[54,124,133,147],"address":[55],"challenges.":[58],"We":[59,74],"first":[60],"model":[61],"noise":[63],"influences":[64],"from":[65],"real":[66],"features,":[69],"e.g.,":[70],"turbulence":[71],"storms.":[73],"then":[75],"Software-Defined":[78],"Networking":[79],"(SDN)-based":[80],"Interrupted":[81],"Software-defined":[82],"Reinforcement":[84],"Learning":[85],"(ISURL)":[86],"framework,":[87],"which":[88],"ensures":[89],"adaptive":[90],"through":[92],"dynamical":[93],"failure":[94],"handling":[95],"(e.g.,":[96],"energy":[97],"depletion":[98],"of":[99],"sensor":[100],"nodes":[101],"or":[102],"link":[103],"instability)":[104],"real-time":[106],"recovery.":[108],"Based":[109],"on":[110],"ISURL,":[111],"the":[114],"MA-MAPPO":[115,143],"algorithm,":[116],"integrating":[117],"multi-head":[118],"attention":[119],"mask":[120],"mechanism":[121],"with":[122,144,169],"MAPPO":[123],"filter":[125],"out":[126],"infeasible":[127],"actions":[128],"streamline":[130],"training.":[131],"Furthermore,":[132],"support":[134],"UASNs,":[139],"introduce":[141],"MA-MAPPO_i,":[142],"policy,":[146],"enable":[148],"The":[155],"evaluations":[156],"demonstrate":[157],"that":[158],"our":[159],"proposed":[160],"achieves":[163],"exact":[164],"faster":[170],"convergence":[171],"speed":[172],"lower":[174],"delays":[176],"than":[177],"existing":[178],"approaches.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-02-11T00:00:00"}