{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7124847537","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2026.3655784","title":"SG-MAPG: A Three-Layer Hierarchical Model for Service Fairness and Cost Optimization in UAV-Assisted MEC Systems","display_name":"SG-MAPG: A Three-Layer Hierarchical Model for Service Fairness and Cost Optimization in UAV-Assisted MEC Systems","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7124847537","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2026.3655784"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2026.3655784","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2026.3655784","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108979993","display_name":"Zhihui Bi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119273862","display_name":"Central South University of Forestry and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czw2k81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119273862"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhihui Bi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119273862","https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123391590","display_name":"Fan Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119273862","display_name":"Central South University of Forestry and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czw2k81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119273862"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6116-5146","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119273862","https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123436846","display_name":"Zhenyu Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119273862","display_name":"Central South University of Forestry and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czw2k81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119273862"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenyu Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119273862","https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123440482","display_name":"Guanqi Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119273862","display_name":"Central South University of Forestry and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czw2k81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119273862"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guanqi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119273862","https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025882354","display_name":"Zhufang Kuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1445-3217"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119273862","display_name":"Central South University of Forestry and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02czw2k81","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119273862"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139660479","display_name":"Central South University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f1zfq44","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhufang Kuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1445-3217","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Mathematics, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119273862","https://openalex.org/I139660479"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.05517147,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"7","first_page":"10015","last_page":"10029"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.5702000260353088,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.5702000260353088,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11133","display_name":"UAV Applications and Optimization","score":0.39309999346733093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14413","display_name":"Advanced Technologies in Various Fields","score":0.0044999998062849045,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-edge-computing","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","score":0.6820999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stackelberg-competition","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5656999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-management","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","score":0.5480999946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-allocation","display_name":"Resource allocation","score":0.5361999869346619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.4471000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/edge-computing","display_name":"Edge computing","score":0.4083000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4004000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/game-theory","display_name":"Game theory","score":0.398499995470047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8712999820709229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776061582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325231","display_name":"Mobile edge computing","level":3,"score":0.6820999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6295999884605408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199510392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184602","display_name":"Stackelberg competition","level":2,"score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5656999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780609101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17156588","display_name":"Resource management (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5480999946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29202148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287260","display_name":"Resource allocation","level":2,"score":0.5361999869346619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.4471000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778456923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5337692","display_name":"Edge computing","level":3,"score":0.4083000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4004000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177142836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44455","display_name":"Game theory","level":2,"score":0.398499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3887999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.38260000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781055072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25325266","display_name":"Cloudlet","level":3,"score":0.3693999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.36550000309944153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.34470000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.3327000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.3319999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3312999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.32350000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144543869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2738570","display_name":"Mobile computing","level":2,"score":0.31850001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.29100000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181889124","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380204","display_name":"Service level","level":2,"score":0.28839999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.2858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781041963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18348618","display_name":"Computation offloading","level":4,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50318809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145081","display_name":"Replicator equation","level":3,"score":0.27810001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107568181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5319000","display_name":"Dynamic priority scheduling","level":3,"score":0.2685000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22171661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074380","display_name":"Stochastic game","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46637626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693015","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","level":2,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68781425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2052203","display_name":"Multi-objective optimization","level":2,"score":0.25699999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.25380000472068787}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2026.3655784","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2026.3655784","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3409896625","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019JJ50996","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8724416716","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61902436","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Unmanned":[0],"aerial":[1],"vehicles":[2],"(UAVs)":[3],"play":[4],"an":[5,169],"important":[6],"role":[7],"in":[8,32,178],"mobile":[9],"edge":[10],"computing":[11],"(MEC)":[12],"systems":[13],"because":[14],"of":[15,162],"their":[16],"high":[17],"mobility":[18],"and":[19,42,69,79,105,123,132,146,175,184],"flexibility.":[20],"However,":[21],"existing":[22],"task":[23,40,74,85,95,103,159],"offloading":[24,86],"strategies":[25],"suffer":[26],"from":[27],"considerable":[28],"resource":[29,77,176],"allocation":[30],"imbalances":[31],"multi-agent":[33,114,173],"decision-making,":[34],"leading":[35],"to":[36,72,92,98,128,153],"UAVs":[37],"overload,":[38],"increased":[39],"delays,":[41],"higher":[43],"operational":[44],"costs.":[45],"To":[46],"address":[47],"these":[48],"issues,":[49],"this":[50],"paper":[51],"presents":[52],"a":[53,84,120],"Three-Layer":[54],"Multi-Agent":[55],"Strategic":[56],"Decision-Making":[57],"Model":[58],"(3L-MSADM)":[59],"that":[60,138],"integrates":[61],"Markov":[62],"Decision":[63],"Processes":[64],"(MDP),":[65],"Stackelberg":[66],"game":[67],"theory,":[68],"auction":[70],"mechanisms":[71],"optimize":[73],"offloading,":[75],"mitigate":[76],"imbalances,":[78],"enhance":[80],"computational":[81],"efficiency.":[82,108],"Additionally,":[83],"ratio":[87],"optimization":[88],"mechanism":[89],"is":[90],"proposed":[91],"dynamically":[93],"adjust":[94],"distribution":[96],"according":[97],"system":[99,148],"load,":[100],"thereby":[101],"minimizing":[102],"latency":[104],"improving":[106],"overall":[107],"Furthermore,":[109],"we":[110],"introduce":[111],"the":[112,158],"Stackelberg-guided":[113],"policy":[115],"gradient":[116],"(SG-MAPG)":[117],"algorithm,":[118],"utilizing":[119],"centralized":[121],"training":[122],"decentralized":[124],"execution":[125],"(CTDE)":[126],"paradigm":[127],"improve":[129],"decision-making":[130,174],"efficiency":[131],"service":[133,142],"fairness.":[134],"Simulation":[135],"results":[136],"demonstrate":[137],"our":[139],"approach":[140],"improves":[141],"fairness":[143],"by":[144,150],"12.3%":[145],"reduces":[147],"costs":[149],"22.7%":[151],"compared":[152],"benchmark":[154],"algorithms,":[155],"significantly":[156],"enhancing":[157],"processing":[160],"capabilities":[161],"UAVs-assisted":[163],"MEC":[164],"systems.":[165],"This":[166],"study":[167],"provides":[168],"innovative":[170],"solution":[171],"for":[172],"management":[177],"wireless":[179],"networks,":[180],"offering":[181],"substantial":[182],"theoretical":[183],"practical":[185],"contributions.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-06T06:22:57.294733","created_date":"2026-01-21T00:00:00"}
