{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7113895962","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3642577","title":"AquaLink: A QR Code-Driven Optical Camera Communication Framework for Underwater Network Applications","display_name":"AquaLink: A QR Code-Driven Optical Camera Communication Framework for Underwater Network Applications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-12-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7113895962","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3642577"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2025.3642577","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3642577","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tahreem Iqbal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6184-5736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tahreem Iqbal","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6184-5736","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiancheng Chi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0359-5105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiancheng Chi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0359-5105","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1810-3019"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1810-3019","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Waleed Younas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7858-1779"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Waleed Younas","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7858-1779","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Muhammad Ali Lodhi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9070-6271"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ali Lodhi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9070-6271","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Tie Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2324-2523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tie Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2324-2523","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51960379,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"6","first_page":"7524","last_page":"7539"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.5985999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11192","display_name":"Underwater Vehicles and Communication Systems","score":0.5985999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.30090001225471497,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12697","display_name":"Water Quality Monitoring Technologies","score":0.011699999682605267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater","display_name":"Underwater","score":0.6783999800682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5663999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.5120999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underwater-acoustic-communication","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","score":0.4772999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.44670000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transceiver","display_name":"Transceiver","score":0.4140999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.39879998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-device","display_name":"Mobile device","score":0.3634999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.3596999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-communication","display_name":"Optical communication","score":0.33959999680519104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8027999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98083399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3246517","display_name":"Underwater","level":2,"score":0.6783999800682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5663999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.5120999813079834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169111936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424098","display_name":"Underwater acoustic communication","level":3,"score":0.4772999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.44670000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7720470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954187","display_name":"Transceiver","level":3,"score":0.4140999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.39879998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.3634999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.3596999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.33959999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781305180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098907","display_name":"Optical wireless","level":3,"score":0.3294999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67467970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1292425","display_name":"Underwater acoustics","level":3,"score":0.31630000472068787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.3057999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.3003999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3001999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145424490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618465","display_name":"Remotely operated underwater vehicle","level":4,"score":0.2976999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175309249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725864","display_name":"Pipeline transport","level":2,"score":0.29490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202932441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55611017","display_name":"Forward error correction","level":3,"score":0.2948000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19724227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1988181","display_name":"Sea trial","level":2,"score":0.2888000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.27889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95491727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q992968","display_name":"Mobile telephony","level":3,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3261483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119565","display_name":"Frame rate","level":2,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197000039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2027432","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","level":3,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.2770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132771110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506922","display_name":"Adaptive optics","level":2,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154910267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740982","display_name":"Non-line-of-sight propagation","level":3,"score":0.26170000433921814}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tmc.2025.3642577","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2025.3642577","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S69141925","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","issn_l":"1536-1233","issn":["1536-1233","1558-0660","2161-9875"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7038794159889221,"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1246053180","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DUT25RC(3)044","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4149020903","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62572091","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W988166840","https://openalex.org/W1518898410","https://openalex.org/W1564187137","https://openalex.org/W1982470411","https://openalex.org/W2002611249","https://openalex.org/W2017564549","https://openalex.org/W2021767041","https://openalex.org/W2059729733","https://openalex.org/W2113350594","https://openalex.org/W2126349848","https://openalex.org/W2158024813","https://openalex.org/W2165351901","https://openalex.org/W2341658808","https://openalex.org/W2496376929","https://openalex.org/W2606891844","https://openalex.org/W2725326552","https://openalex.org/W2745285067","https://openalex.org/W2789554261","https://openalex.org/W2810117501","https://openalex.org/W2896657487","https://openalex.org/W2909576504","https://openalex.org/W2953884299","https://openalex.org/W2963659230","https://openalex.org/W2965448548","https://openalex.org/W2970816924","https://openalex.org/W2995383097","https://openalex.org/W2996666220","https://openalex.org/W3094635155","https://openalex.org/W3106850582","https://openalex.org/W3106924342","https://openalex.org/W3146745231","https://openalex.org/W3169767072","https://openalex.org/W3181560650","https://openalex.org/W3195448420","https://openalex.org/W3200190472","https://openalex.org/W3204010448","https://openalex.org/W4211198541","https://openalex.org/W4221128194","https://openalex.org/W4246440457","https://openalex.org/W4290991650","https://openalex.org/W4308586188","https://openalex.org/W4319837296","https://openalex.org/W4323913478","https://openalex.org/W4376609502","https://openalex.org/W4377104639","https://openalex.org/W4380873631","https://openalex.org/W4385878173","https://openalex.org/W4387353429","https://openalex.org/W4387447191","https://openalex.org/W4388692644","https://openalex.org/W4390480948","https://openalex.org/W4391582441","https://openalex.org/W4392519293","https://openalex.org/W4396542415","https://openalex.org/W4400350742","https://openalex.org/W4401045863","https://openalex.org/W4403285721","https://openalex.org/W4404585584","https://openalex.org/W4404996955","https://openalex.org/W4409183537"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Underwater":[0],"networking":[1],"is":[2],"vital":[3],"for":[4,103,164],"enabling":[5],"collaboration":[6],"between":[7],"divers,":[8],"vehicles,":[9],"and":[10,16,32,40,83,99,116,132,143,173],"sensors":[11],"in":[12,23,56,106,129],"marine":[13],"exploration,":[14],"monitoring,":[15],"emergency":[17],"response.":[18],"Yet":[19],"achieving":[20],"reliable":[21],"communication":[22],"such":[24],"dynamic,":[25],"bandwidth":[26],"constrained":[27],"environments":[28,134],"remains":[29],"challenging.":[30],"Acoustic":[31],"radio":[33],"frequency":[34],"technologies":[35],"suffer":[36],"from":[37],"attenuation,":[38],"latency,":[39],"hardware":[41],"overhead,":[42],"while":[43],"optical":[44,104],"wireless":[45],"systems":[46],"typically":[47],"require":[48],"specialized":[49,155],"transceivers":[50],"or":[51],"strict":[52],"alignment,":[53],"limiting":[54],"practicality":[55],"mobile":[57],"underwater":[58,78,165],"networks.":[59],"To":[60],"address":[61],"these":[62],"limitations,":[63],"we":[64],"present":[65],"AquaLink,":[66],"a":[67,117,159],"QR":[68],"code\u2013driven":[69],"Optical":[70],"Camera":[71],"Communication":[72],"(OCC)":[73],"framework":[74],"that":[75],"enables":[76],"robust":[77],"messaging":[79],"using":[80],"commodity":[81],"smartphones":[82],"tablets.":[84],"At":[85],"its":[86],"core,":[87],"AquaQR":[88],"employs":[89],"blue\u2013green":[90],"2-bit":[91],"color":[92],"encoding,":[93],"Low-Density":[94],"Parity-Check":[95],"(LDPC)":[96],"error":[97],"correction,":[98],"geometric":[100],"augmentations":[101],"tailored":[102],"stability":[105],"turbid":[107],"waters.":[108],"An":[109],"auto-configuration":[110],"module":[111],"adapts":[112],"parameters":[113],"before":[114],"transmission,":[115],"lightweight":[118],"enhancement":[119],"pipeline":[120],"ensures":[121],"real-time":[122],"robustness":[123],"under":[124],"diverse":[125],"conditions.":[126],"Field":[127],"trials":[128],"pool,":[130],"lake,":[131],"coastal":[133],"achieve":[135],"over":[136],"90%":[137],"decoding":[138],"success":[139],"at":[140],"5":[141],"m":[142],"up":[144],"to":[145],"2\u00d7":[146],"higher":[147],"throughput":[148],"than":[149],"prior":[150],"QR-based":[151],"systems.":[152],"By":[153],"eliminating":[154],"hardware,":[156],"AquaLink":[157],"provides":[158],"scalable,":[160],"low":[161],"cost":[162],"foundation":[163],"visual":[166],"networking,":[167],"supporting":[168],"message":[169],"exchange,":[170],"peer":[171],"interaction,":[172],"localized":[174],"link":[175],"formation.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-09T06:09:20.037420","created_date":"2025-12-11T00:00:00"}